Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Essay about Abraham Lincoln - Hero or Racist - 1412 Words

22 Aug. 2009 Abraham Lincoln - Hero or Racist? Abraham Lincoln is arguably one of the most interesting presidents in the history of the United States. Any research done on Lincoln will show, whether you agree or disagree with his philosophies, that he was, and still is, a fascinating historical figure. There have been numerous discussions regarding Lincoln before the Civil War, during the war as Commander In Chief, or his views on slavery and racial equality; furthermore, vast debates on his views, strategies, and solutions regarding events that helped shape our nation. Abraham Lincoln is such an interesting person that discussions and debates will lead to more questions open to more discussion and debate. What was Lincoln’s view on†¦show more content†¦He still did not think blacks should have the right to vote, hold political offices, or marry white people. He also still believed physical differences between the two races would prevent them from living together socially and politically (186). Lincoln was against whites benefitting from slave labor and did feel that blacks should be able to benefit from the fruits of their own labor. According to Dinesh D’Souza in her article â€Å"Abraham Lincoln: Tyrant, Hypocrite, or Consummate Statesman†, he was not, however, an abolitionist. Abolitionists wanted an immediate end to slavery and believed the rights of slaves should not be compromised and that they â€Å"had a duty to defend freedom, unreservedly, and careless of the consequences† (3). What was the reason behind the Civil War? According to Carter G. Woodson and Charles H. Wesley, when the Civil War started, Lincoln, in order to stay on the good side of supporters who had voted him into office, publicly stated that he did not want to interfere with the slavery in the South (â€Å"The Negro in the Civil War† 361). Contrary to claims that he did not approve of slavery, Lincoln clearly compromised the rights of slaves to be free in order to appease supporters of slavery by evading the subject of slavery in the South. D’Souza also asserts that Lincoln stated in correspondence to Andrew Stephens, the former vice president of the Confederacy, that â€Å"while we think it is wrong, and ought to be restricted, it was not his intention to getShow MoreRelated Abraham Lincoln was a Hypocrite Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Lincoln was a Hypocrite   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abraham Lincoln was always known as a good and honest man. There are many other opinions that refute this statement. Many theories say that Lincoln was far from good and honest. Throughout his life he tried to do good then as president he tried to hold a nation together by tactics that could be looked at as unpleasant. Abraham Lincoln is considered a hero to many, but he could also be looked at to be a hypocrite and a racist because of his ideas about the NegroRead MoreThe Real Lincoln : A New Look At Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, And An Unnecessary War New1379 Words   |  6 PagesDilorenzo, Thomas J. The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War New York: Three Rivers Press. Thomas J. Dilorenzo is the author of the book The Real Lincoln: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War. Dr. Dilorenzo is an economics professor at the Sellinge School of Business and management, where he published over eleven books. His focus is mostly on economic history and political economics. It became evident to Thomas that the teachingsRead MorePresident Lincoln s Accomplishments And His Success1517 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Lincoln embarked a very challenging presidency from the very beginning, when he set out to lead a country facing a crisis so immense, that its very existence was threatened. In many instances, President Lincoln had to take matters into his own hands by making use of his executive powers, even when some may have questioned the Constitutionality of some his decisions at times. If one truly analyses President Lincoln’s â€Å"illegal or unconstitutional† actions, most of them were in fact the PresidentRead MoreThe Views On Lincoln s Presidency1738 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding Lincoln’s opinions and policies toward slavery, and the unification of a nation as a whole, I distinguished that several authors have contending visions of Lincoln’s actions during his presidency. Some authors (Dirck, Guelzo, Striner) portray Lincoln as the great emancipator in depicting him as a crusader whose main purpose during the Civil War was only to accomplish the abolishment of slavery. In contrast, some authors (Escott, Gates, Foner, and McPherson) maintain a more critical stance on Lincoln’sRead MoreJames Polk s A Wicked War959 Words   |  4 Pagespresidency in 1845. Amy S. Greenberg’s book, A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico highlights the era of war and expansion during Polk’s years in office; and through a critical lens, holds him accountable for his injustices in the Mexican American war. While James Polk is considered to be a controversial figure in American history, the true question lies in whether his policies made him a hero or villain to the American people, or perhaps some other kind of personRead MoreHistorical Background And Point Of View1973 Words   |  8 PagesAuthorial/Historical Background and Point-of-View Fittingly born on Abraham Lincoln’s birthday, James L. Swanson has always had a fascination of our 16th president’s life. At only ten years old, Swanson’s grandmother gave him a very peculiar gift for a child: â€Å"a framed engraving of Booth’s Deringer pistol, along with an April 15, 1865 Chicago Tribune clipping.† The newspaper story he received relived the terrible day of Lincoln’s death, but as Swanson read, he realized the ending of the story wasRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Emancipation Proclamation2067 Words   |  9 Pages Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation: Was Lincoln a Racist? Abraham Lincoln, one of the greatest and the most venerable president of the United State, he is famous for the contribution that issued Emancipation Proclamation that granted the hope of African Americans got U.S citizenship and legal rights from federal government, promoted the development of unifying nation. However, even though the Emancipation Proclamation recognize and maintain freedom of slaves, plenty of sources indicateRead More Lies My Teacher Told Me by James W. Loewen Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesinterest(Lies p.9). Several examples, including the lions from our history, in Pageant include Christopher Columbus, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Woodrow Wilson. Others are defamed, like Stephen A. Douglas, and John Brown. In Pageant Christopher Columbus is one of the first people named as relevant to our history. He is built up as a hero, with words such as a man of vision, energy, resourcefulness, and courage used to describe him (Pageant p.4). We are told that he knows theRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesFrederick Douglass Born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey on Marylands Eastern Shore in 1818, he was the son of a slave woman and, her white master. Upon his escape from slavery at age 20, he adopted the name of the hero of Sir Walter Scotts The Lady of the Lake. Douglass immortalized his years as a slave in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845). This and two other autobiographies, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and The Life and Times of Frederick DouglassRead MoreA Biography of Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagesequality throughout the United States, and people were more encouraged to pursue their goals due to his great success. After Kings birth on January 15th, 1929, King grew up in Atlanta, Georgia, where the white people were extremely racists toward their African American neighbors. During his childhood, King was faced with many hardships due to the segregation laws in his area. Anywhere King went, the young boy was faced with white only signs and places, which were off-limits

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Dante Alighieri ( 1265-1321 ) - 1353 Words

1. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) was banished from Florence in 1302 and was a soldier in the battle of Sienese and Campaldino. 2. There was a lot of political unrest during Dante’s lifetime, as well as a horde of new poetical and literary movements that arose. This was due to the Guelfi Party’s split into two: those in favor of the pope and those in favor of the emperor. In addition, the new poetical movement that came about was called the â€Å"Stilnovo†, and was basically a style where poets would discuss their feelings of love and theorize about love. 3. Dante’s wife, Gemma Donati, does not have as large an influence on his work as Beatrice Portinari, his first love. Many of Dante’s poems in the Vita Nuova are based on his love for Beatrice and the passion that he feels for her. 4. Dante held the occupations of a patrician in Florence, a poet and author in Florence, a soldier at the battles of Sienese and Campaldino, a student at the convents of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella, a secretary to Scarpetta Ordelaffi, an ambassador to Venice, Rome and San Gimignano, a magistrate in Florence, and a politician in Florence. 5. Dante belonged to the political party â€Å"Guelphi†, which was the most prominent in Florence and the surrounding areas. When the Guelphi split, Dante became a white Guelphi, those in favor of the emperor rather than the pope. 6. La Vita Nuova or Vita Nova is an anthology of poems written by Dante Alighieri in 1295. It is an expression of the medievalShow MoreRelated Dante Alighieris Influence on Italian Culture Essay examples886 Words   |  4 PagesDante Alighieris Influence on Italian Culture nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dante Alighieri was a very well known and influential poet in early literature. amp;#8220;He was not only a poet, he was also a philosophical thinker, an active politician, and a religious visionary; (Holmes 1). Dante was born in Florence in 1265, into the Guelph political party, one of the two main parties in Florence. The Guelphs were aristocrats and nobles. They supported the church and papacy and were against theRead MoreEssay about Dante Alighieri1178 Words   |  5 PagesDante Alighieri Dante Alighieri was the first and best Italian poet and wrote mainly on love and religion. His Divine Comedy is considered the greatest book of the last millennium. George Steiner said, Dante’s totality of poet form and philosophic thought, of local universality and language, remains unrivaled. At a time where the notion of culture and of European culture in particular, is somewhat in doubt, Dante is the sovereign underwriter. His are the solutions beyond logic†Read More Dante Alighieri Essay834 Words   |  4 Pages Dante Alighieri was one of the most renowned writers in world literature. His great masterpieces have influenced the world immensely. He was not only a great writer and poet but he also was a man that overcame great odds to write awe inspiring works of art. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dante Alighieri was born in Florence, Italy either in late May or early June, 1265. His childhood was somewhat troubling because of the early death of his mother and then his father when he was 18. He managedRead MoreTaking a Look at the European Renaissance Essays1385 Words   |  6 Pageswas the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. Dante was born in the city-state of Florence, Italy in the year of 1265. When Dante was just nine years old, he met the love of his life, Beatrice Portinari. Beatrice Portinari would become the subject of, and inspiration for much of Dante’s writing. Love was the topic of many of Dante’s literary works and he was amongst the first poets to write about love. After the death of Beatrice Portinari (when Dante was twenty-five years of age), Dante became interested inRead MoreThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the Middle Ages, art and philosophy has been lost in darkness, but with the reintroduction of idea s that came with the Renaissance in Italy, brought about a literary revival. One of the writers that influenced this revival is Dante Alighieri, a 13th century poet from Florence, Italy. His world famous epic, La Commedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy, through the journey into the three hells, expressesRead MoreHell And Back Dante s Journey Through Hell1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe book was written by Dante Alighieri as the first part of his Divine Comedy. This trilogy consists of The Inferno, Purgatory, and Paradise (heaven). Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno was a literary inspiration that depicts the beliefs of Christianity and the flaws of human nature through the use of Homer’s, Virgil s, Milton’s, and Shakespeare’s writing styles. In order to understand this book one must first understand Dante Alighieri’s background and time period. Dante Alghieri, one of the mostRead MoreDante Alighieri and his Divine Comedy Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesDante Alighieri (1265-1321) was an Italian poet in the Middle Ages. The Divine Comedy, of which Inferno is a part, is considered the greatest literary work in the Italian language and a masterpiece. Inferno is the story of Dante the pilgrim’s journey from the dark wood of error through Hell, led by Virgil. This is Dante the pilgrims opportunity to recognize his sins; he is given the opportunity to see how the error of his ways will be punished if he does not change. In Dante’s Hell, the punishmentRead MoreAnalysis Of Inferno By Dante Alighieri1583 Words   |  7 PagesInferno, written by Dante Alighieri illustrates the idea of justice through the belief that with each action arise a consequence. What you sin above ground, you deal with under. Through this he gives examples of the sins done and the punishment that is inflicted from doing such thing as a disgr ace to God. All through Dantes imagination and his views as to how it should be done, there is a punishment for each area of sin committed which is why a person who bribes will be in the further in the levelRead MoreDante Alighieri s Life And Work1936 Words   |  8 PagesDante Alighieri was born on the year of 1265 in Florance Italy. Dante s family was involved in complex Florentic polotics. This would latter become a huge influence in Dante s life and work. A few years latter, around 1272 his mother joins those in the relm of the dead, never to return. At the young age of 12, Dante s family arranged a future marrige with the daughter of one of their family friends. Arround 1285 Dante married Gemma Donati. Although Dante was married to Gemma he was never trulyRead MoreThe Inferno is a work that Dante used to express the theme on his ideas of Gods divine justice. Gods divine justice is demonstrated through the punishments of the sinners the travelers encounter.2641 Words   |  1 1 Pagesstatement: In Dantes Inferno, the first part of the Divine Comedy, Dante develops many themes throughout the adventures of the travelers. The Inferno is a work that Dante used to express the theme on his ideas of Gods divine justice. Gods divine justice is demonstrated through the punishments of the sinners the travelers encounter. 1) Introduction A. An overview Dante Alighieris life, writing style and the Inferno B. Dante Alighieris life during the torrential times of the Florentine history

Monday, December 9, 2019

Principle Of Macroeconomic Higher Education - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: 1. What is the meaning of tax incidence when a tax is levied on a market? Can you identify which economic lesson is applicable to taxing sugary drinks and briefly explain the economics behind this policy? 2. Draw a fully-labelled demand and supply diagram to represent the market for sugar-sweetened drinks.Illustrate the effect of a tax levied on consumers of sugar-sweetened drinks. Clearly label the changes you have made in your diagram and explain the impact on the equilibrium price and quantity following the introduction of the tax. Sugar is a key ingredient in the production of sugar-sweetened beverages. Draw a new fullylabelled diagram that represents the Australian sugar market and discuss the likely impact to this market of a tax being levied on sugar-sweetened drinks. Again, clearly label the changes you have made in your diagram and the effect on equilibrium price and quantity of sugar.The last part of this question looks at the likely impact of a tax on sugar-sweetened drinks on the market for non-sweetened, artificially sweetened or low-sugar beverages. Draw a fully-labelled diagram that represents these combined markets and discuss the likely impact of the introduction of a sugary drinks tax, explaining the economic relationship between these markets and the sugar-sweetened drinks market. 3. According to a report by the Grattan Institute (Duckett and Swerissen, 2016), it was estimated that the own price elasticity of demand for sugar-sweetened beverages was. Briefly interpret this elasticity estimate and discuss its relationship to the effectiveness of a tax on the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks.Most studies show that sugary drinks are consumed in high proportions by children and teenagers, as well as low-income households. How would these consumer characteristics help to improve the effectiveness of a consumption tax on sugary drinks? Answer: Answer 1 Answer i When government levies a tax, it creates burden on relevant group directly or indirectly (Mankiw 2014). In terms of economics, the distribution of direct or indirect tax burden between buyers and sellers is known as incidence of the imposed tax. Answer ii Before imposing any tax, the impact of the proposed tax should be evaluated in terms of supply, demand and their respective elasticity. This is studied in the microeconomic lesson-containing concept of elasticity of demand and supply and incidence of taxation. The main economic rationale behind imposition of any tax is to put some indirect restriction on particular activity. More consumption of sugary drinks is bad for health and lead to several health hazard (Case, Fair and Oster 2014). Therefore, government aims at reducing the consumption of sugar through sugary drinks. To achieve this objective sugary drinks are taxed. Answer 2 Answer i Figure 1: Tax on buyers of sugary drinks (Source: as created by Author) The figure above represents the market for sugar-sweetened drinks. MM shows the demand curve without tax and NN shows that of the supply curve. Before tax, in the market Q1 amount drinks sold at price P1. The market equilibrium is at E. When a tax of the rate t is imposed on consumer then the immediate impact is on the market demand curve (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2015). The tax shifts the market demand curve by the amount of tax. M1M1. The new equilibrium is set I. PS is the price obtained by the seller. Because of tax, buyers now have to a high price of PB. Tax discourages both the buyers and sellers in the market and consequently equilibrium quantity sold in the market reduced to QT from an earlier Q1. From the tax government receives a tax revenue of the amount (PB - PS)*QT. Answer ii Figure 2: Effect of a sugary tax in the sugar market (Source: as created by the Author) In sugary drinks, sugar is the key components. Any changes in market for such drinks leads to a change in sugar market as well. Sugar and sugar drinks have a complementary relation. For complementary goods, demand for the two goods move in the same direction. That means increase in price of one good reduces its demand as well as the demand for its complementary good (Perloff 2017). Figure 2 presents the scenario in the sugar market. As shown above, a tax on sugar drinks reduces quantity sold in the market. As a lower quantity of sugary drinks is produced, the main input demand that is sugar demand reduces. The decrease in demand leads to a decline in price from P* to P1and decreases quantity in the market from Q* to Q1. Answer iii Figure 3: Effect on non-sweetened, artificially sweetened and low sugar beverages (Source: as created by the Author) A tax on sugary drinks raises the cost to consumers of such drinks. Owing to a high price, consumers of sugar drinks now attempts to substitute sugar-sweetened drinks with drinks that are artificially sweetened, low sugared or non-sweetened. Therefore, demand of sugar substitute drinks will increase (Hubbard et al. 2015). This is shown by the rightward shift in the market demand curve of the substitute product from M0M0 to M1M1. As a result, these markets will expand with an increase in price and quantity sold. Answer 3 Answer i Own price elasticity of demand captures the percentage change in demand with respect to a percentage change in own price. The elasticity measure is particularly important in determining the extent of tax burden (Krugman et al. 2015). The estimated elasticity of sugar-sweetened beverages is -0.9. That means when price of such drinks raises by 1% then its demand will be reduced by 0.9%, which is close to 1. The governments objective of levying tax on sugary beverages is to reduce consumption of such beverages. When tax raises price of sugary drinks then consumers will reduce 90% of their demand. This fulfills governments objective of consumption reduction of sugary beverages. As buyers are able to reduce their demand almost to the extent of tax, most of the burden will be borne by suppliers. This discourages production of sugary drinks. Hence, own price elasticity of sugary beverages of -0.9 make the imposed tax very effective in reducing consumption and production. Answer ii As revealed by studies, sugary beverages are mostly consumed by consumer group consisting of children, teenagers and low income household. Own price elasticity depends on a number of factors. Income of the consumers group is one important factor affecting elastic response of demand (Parkin and Bade 2015). Consumer having limited income generally have a highly elastic demand. A rise in price means greater reduction in real income of this group. As a result, they reduce their demand largely when price increases and try to use cheap substitute product (Dixit 2014). Children and teenagers have income limited by their pocket money. Therefore, when proposed tax raises price then their affordability for sugary beverages reduce and so is the demand. Similar is the case for low income household. Because of low income, increase in sugar price make them more responsiveness and there will be considerable decline in demand. References Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. and Oster, S., 2014.Principles of Microeconomics. Pearson Higher Ed. Dixit, A., 2014.Microeconomics: A very short introduction. OUP Oxford. Hubbard, G., Garnett, A., Lewis, P. and O'Brien, T., 2015.Microeconomics. Pearson Australia. Krugman, P., Wells, R., Au, I. and Parkinson, J., 2015.Microeconomics: Canadian Edition. Macmillan Higher Education Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Parkin, M. and Bade, R., 2015. Introduction to Microeconomics. Perloff, J.M., 2017.Microeconomics: theory and applications with calculus. Pearson Higher Ed. Pindyck, R.S. and Rubinfeld, D.L., 2015. Microeconomics; Eight Edition, Global Edition.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Pysch Exam Chapter 8 free essay sample

Chapter 8 SECTION 1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS: 1. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________. a. learning; perception b. memory; perception c. learning; cognition d. memory; cognition Answer: d; Moderate 2. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. a. learning b. memory c. cognition d. perception Answer: c; Easy 3. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________. a. learning b. cognition c. sensation d. perception Answer: b; Easy . Which of the following scientists could be considered a cognitive psychologist? a. Dr. Abdalla, who investigates problem solving b. Dr. Braithwaite, who studies formal reasoning processes c. Dr. Clark, who examines how people encode information from the environment d. All three scientists could be considered cognitive psychologists Answer: d; Moderate 5 . According to your text, the cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology in the ____. We will write a custom essay sample on Pysch Exam Chapter 8 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s Answer: c; Moderate 6. Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain? . Computers process information in a parallel fashion, whereas the brain processes information in a serial fashion. b. The brain processes information slower than computers do. c. Whereas computers distinguish between memory and processing, the brain does not. d. The brain is more powerful than any computer. Answer: a; Difficult 7. Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain? a. Computers process information in a serial fashion, whereas the brain processes information in a parallel fashion. b. The brain processes information faster than computers do. . Whereas computers distinguish between memory and processing, the brain does not. d. The brain is more powerful than any computer. Answer: b; Difficult 8. Which alternative correctly identifies a type of memory, a memory stage, or a memory process? a. retrieval – memory stage b. encoding – memory process c. sensory memory – type of memory d. implicit memory – memory stage e. short-term memory – type of memory Answer: b; Moderate 9. Which of the following describes explicit memory? a. Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered b. Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had c. Memory of facts and concepts about the world d. The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect Answer: a; Easy 10. Which of the following describes episodic memory? a. Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered b. Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had c. Memory of facts and concepts about the world d. The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect Answer: b; Easy 11. Which of the following describes semantic memory? a. Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered b. Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had . Memory of facts and concepts about the world d. The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect Answer: c; Easy 12. Which of the following describes implicit memory? a. Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered b. Memory of the first-hand experiences that we have had c. Memory of facts and concepts a bout the world d. The influence of experience on behavior, even when we are not aware of the effect Answer: d; Easy 13. It is 10:15 a. m. on a mid-semester Wednesday. Three sections of introductory psychology are meeting on the second floor of Old Main. In Room 201, Ms. Romero is describing implicit memory. Across the hall in 204, Dr. Darby’s class is considering the differences between sensory and short-term memory. Finally, in Old Main 209, Dr. Eastwood is writing the terms ‘encoding,’ ‘storage,’ and ‘retrieval’ on the whiteboard. Ms. Romero is discussing memory ______. Dr. Darby’s class is examining memory ________. Dr Eastwood is describing memory _________. a. processes; types; stages b. stages; processes; types c stages; types; processes d. types; processes; stages Answer: d; Difficult 14. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between explicit memory and episodic memory? . Explicit memory is one type of episodic memory. b. Episodic memory is one type of explicit memory. c. Explicit memory and episodic memory are two different memory stages. d. Explicit memory and episodic memory are the same thing. Answer: b; Moderate 15. Having done â€Å"21 for 21† shots the night before, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _________ memory is sketchy. a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. working Answer: c 16. Cory knows that the capital of Vermont is Montpelier. This is an example of a(n) _______ memory. a. semantic b. explicit c. procedural d. both A and B Answer: d; Difficult 17. Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a (n) ________ memory. a. episodic b. semantic c. procedural d. explicit Answer: c; Moderate 18. Ron moved from Alabama to Georgia ten years ago. â€Å"My fifth-grade teacher made us memorize the names of all the counties in Alabama,† Ron tells his friend Rory. Rory tests Ron by giving him a list of thirty counties – 15 Alabama counties, mixed in with 15 counties from other states. â€Å"Ok, pick out the Alabama counties,† Rory challenges Ron. Which method does Rory’s test use? a. rehearsal b. recognition c. reminiscence d. ecall Answer: b; Moderate 19. An essay question is a _________ test of memory; a multiple-choice question is a __________. a. recall; recall test also b. recall; recognition test c. recall; relearning test d. recognition; recognition test also Answer: b; Easy 20. â€Å"Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008,† reads a question on the midterm in an Economics course. Such a question is a ________ test of _______ memory. a. recall; semantic b. recall; procedural c. recognition; semantic d. recognition; procedural Answer: a; Moderate 21. In a memory experiment, Dr. Aziz gives one group of participants a recognition test of a list of words they had seen earlier; another group is asked to recall the words. What might you predict regarding the relative performance of the two groups on the memory test? a. The two groups should perform equivalently. b. The recall group should outperform the recognition group. c. The recall group should outperform the recognition group, as long as the test is given shortly after participants first see the words. d. The recognition group should outperform the recall group. e. No consistent prediction can be made without a consideration of many other variables. Answer: d 22. A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of a ___________ test of _________memory. a. recall; implicit b. recall; explicit c. relearning; implicit d. recognition; explicit Answer: d; Difficult 23. Janna is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use ________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. recognition d. episodic Answer: a; Moderate 24. Which of the following memory measures is correctly described? a. recall involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned b. ecognition entails determining whether material has learned before c. relearning involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten d. Each of these is correctly described. Answer: d; Difficult 25. Which of the following is true about recall memory? a. Involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned b. Entails determining whether materi al has learned before c. Involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten d. Involves knowledge of how to do things Answer: a; Easy 26. Which of the following is true about recognition memory? . Involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned b. Entails determining whether material has learned before c. Involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten d. Involves knowledge of how to do things Answer: b; Easy 27. Which of the following is true about relearning? a. Involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned b. Entails determining whether material has learned before c. Involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten d. Involves knowledge of how to do things Answer: c; Easy 8. With respect to the memory measures described in your text, which of the following statements is true? a. Relearning tests can go beyond correct versus incorrec t b. Recognition tests can go beyond correct versus incorrect c. Recall tests can go beyond correct versus incorrect d. All of the above are true Answer: a; Moderate 29. Relearning measures allow the assessment of: a. procedural memory, such as that involved in playing a video game b. semantic memory, such as that involved in knowing the state capitals c. semantic memory, such as that involved in crocheting a sweater d. oth procedural memory, such as that involved in playing a video game, and semantic memory, such as that involved in knowing the state capitals Answer: d; Difficult 30. â€Å"I know it! It’s um . . . um . . . ,† begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is engaged in a test of her ________ memory. a. external b. explicit c. extrinsic d. internal Answer: b; Moderate 31. Memories of which we’re not consciously aware are called ________ memories. a. internal b. subliminal c. subconscious d. implicit Answer: d; Easy 32. Which of the fo llowing is NOT an example of procedural memory? a. |knowing how to play the piano | |b. |knowing how to skip stones | |c. |knowing that your first kiss occurred at a middle-school dance | |d. |knowing how to crochet | Answer: c; Moderate 33. Procedural is to semantic as _________ is to __________ |a. explicit; implicit | |b. |memory process; memory stage | |c. |implicit; explicit | |d.. |short-term memory; long-term memory | Answer: c; Difficult 34. Which of the memory measures described in your text might be used to assess implicit memory? a. recognition b. relearning c. word fragment test d. B and C Answer: d; Difficult 35. Over time, you have learned to salivate at the mere sight of a chili pepper. This type of learning reflects _________ memory a. implicit b. explicit c. procedural d. both A and B Answer: a; Moderate 36. Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory. Which of the following is probably the BEST reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory? a. Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness. b. Classical conditioning requires conscious awareness. c. Classical conditioning is one mechanism whereby we learn actions and skills. e. Classical conditioning applies mainly to existing rather than new behaviors. Answer: a; Moderate 37. In an implicit memory experiment, participants are first briefly exposed to unusual, lengthy words in Phase I; later in the week, in Phase II, participants return for a word completion task, in which they attempt to fill in the missing letters of each of a list of words (e. g. , p _ _ _ u d _ _ e). Some of the words correspond to Phase I words; others do not. The Phase I word is termed a _______; Phase II words that also appeared in Phase I should be completed ________ accurately than those that did not. a. prime; less . prime; more c. probe; less d. probe; more Answer: b; Moderate 38. In an implicit memory experiment, participants are first briefly exposed to unusual, lengthy words in Phase I; later in the week, in Phase II, participants return for a word completion task, in which they attempt to fill in the missing letters of each of a list of words (e. g. , p _ _ _ u d _ _ e). Some of the words correspond to Phase I words; others do not. Which pair below correctly identifies the variables of interest in this study? a. Phase I or II—independent variable; whether Phase II words had appeared in Phase I – dependent variable b. Phase I or II—independent variable; word completion accuracy—dependent variable c. whether Phase II words had appeared in Phase I—independent variable; Phase I or II—dependent variable d. whether Phase II words had appeared in Phase I—independent variable; word completion accuracy—dependent variable. Answer: d; Moderate 39. Based on research described in your text (Bargh et al. , 1996), which of the following statements is true of priming effects? a. Priming effects are very small, and have few effects on behavior. b. Priming effects are significant, but have few effects on behavior. c. Priming effects are significant and influence behavior. . Priming effects are significant, but they only influence behavior when one is aware of them. Answer: c; Moderate Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory? a. sensory memory ( short-term memory ( long-term memory b. short-term memory ( sensory memory ( long-term memory c. short-term memory ( working memory ( long-term memory d. working memory ( short-term memory ( long-term memory Answer: a; Moderate 40. Which of the following are types of implicit memory? a. Classical conditioning and Priming b. Iconic and Echoic c. Semantic and Episodic d. Procedural and Semantic Answer: a; Moderate 41. Which of the following are types of explicit memory? a. Classical conditioning and Priming b. Iconic and Echoic c. Semantic and Episodic d. Procedural and Priming Answer: c; Moderate 42. Which of the following statements is true about iconic and echoic memory? a. Iconic and echoic memory are types of sensory memory. b. Iconic and echoic memory are types of explicit memory. c. Iconic and echoic memory are types of implicit memory. d. Iconic and echoic memory are types of classical conditioning Answer: a; Moderate 43. Information may last for _______ seconds in sensory memory; the capacity of sensory memory is _______. . a few; small b. a few; large c. about 30; small d. about 30; large Answer: b; Difficult 44. The study of sensory memory is associated with: a. Elizabeth Loftus b. George Miller c. George Sperling d. Herbert Simon Answer: c; Moderate 45. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, psychologist George Sperling conducted key studies of ______ memory. a. sen sory b. short-term c. semantic d. episodic Answer: a; Moderate 46. George Sperling conducted a study in which he varied the interval between the presentation of a letter matrix and an auditory recall cue. Sperling measured the proportion of letters participants could recall from the matrix. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding this study? a. A graph of the results of this study would show the accuracy of recall on the y-axis. b. The interval between the matrix and the cue is a dependent variable. c. All the letters in the matrix are stored in memory. d. Sperling’s study provided knowledge regarding sensory memory. Answer: b; Difficult 47. Psychologists use the term ______ memory to refer to â€Å"photographic† memory. a. pictographic b. engrammatic c. iconic d. eidetic Answer: D; Moderate 48. â€Å"She did WHAT † your roommate exclaims as you relate a story about a mutual friend. Your roommate is processing your story in _________ memory. a. working b. sensory c. episodic d. implicit Answer: a; Moderate 49. To which of the following is working memory most similar? a. a legal pad on which you jot temporary notes b. a calendar item reminding you of a future obligation c. a file on a computer hard drive d. a portrait hanging in a museum Answer: a; Moderate 50. On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files, each immediately accessible. Because you are actively working on them, and because you can open them whenever you want, these files are analogous to the information held in: a. emantic memory b. working memory c. sensory memory d. procedural memory Answer: b; Moderate 51. As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head, the numbers you are manipulating are in your __________ memory, and the multiplication tables you are drawing on are in _________ memory. a. working; long-term b. working; sensory c. long-term; working d. senso ry; working Answer: a; Moderate 52. Process is to structure as __________ memory is to _________ memory. a. explicit; implicit b. sensory; working c. long-term; working d. working; short-term Answer: d; Difficult 53. The central executive is: a. n aspect of sensory memory b. a component of working memory c. a type of implicit memory d. a form of explicit memory Answer: b; Moderate 54. When we look up a number in the phone book, close the book, and then begin to dial the number, we are relying on a. short term memory b. iconic memory c. working memory d. long-term memory Answer: a; Easy 55. __________ examined how long information can last in sensory memory. __________ investigated the duration of short-term memory. a. Peterson and Peterson; Sperling b. Peterson and Peterson; Peterson and Peterson also c. Sperling; Peterson and Peterson d. Sperling; Sperling also Answer: c; Difficult 56. Rehearsal serves to: a. refresh sensory memory b. keep information in short-term memory c. help transfer information to long-term memory e. both B and C Answer: e; Moderate 57. Which of the following describes short-term memory? a. The brief storage of visual or auditory information b. Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for several seconds c. Processes that we use to interpret and store information d. Memory storage that can last for years Answer: b; Easy 58. Which of the following describes sensory memory? a. The brief storage of visual or auditory information b. Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for several seconds c. Processes that we use to interpret and store information d. Memory storage that can last for years Answer: a; Easy 59. Which of the following describes working memory? a. The brief storage of visual or auditory information b. Memory where small amounts of information can be kept for several seconds c. Processes that we use to interpret and store information d. Memory storage that can last for years Answer: c; Easy 60. The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed ________ rehearsal. . primary b. mnemonic c. rote d. maintenance Answer: d; Easy 61. Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory? a. one or two items b. unlimited c. about seven, plus or minus two items d. about a dozen items Answer: c; Moderate 62. In the words of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is the â€Å"magical number _________. † a. nine, plus or minus two b. six, plus or minus one c. five, plus or minus two d. seven, plus or minus two Answer: d; Easy 63. Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy’s _______ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _________ digits correctly. a. short-term; 4 b. short-term; 7 c. short-term; 9 d. sensory; 4 Answer: b; Moderate 64. Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of short-term memory is termed _________. a. chunking b. clumping c. consolidating d. compacting Answer: a; Easy 65. â€Å"What’s your social? † the associate asks over the phone. â€Å"One, six, four . . . † you begin. After a brief pause, you continue, â€Å"seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight. To ease the burden on the associate’s short-term memory, you are giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits. a. nodes b. clumps c. clusters d. chunks Answer: d; Moderate 66. When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number, you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in â€Å"3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2. † Rather, yo u might say, â€Å"3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92. † This exemplifies ________, a strategy to enhance ______ memory. a. consolidation; sensory b. consolidation; short-term c. chunking; sensory d. chunking; short-term Answer: d; Moderate TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS: 7. Explicit memory underlies the ability to swing a golf club. Answer: F; Easy 68. Relearning measures allow the assessment of both implicit and explicit memory. Answer: T; Moderate 69. Primes have little real effect on behavior. Answer: F; Easy 70. Sensory memory can hold only a small amount of information. Answer: F; Moderate 71. The capacity of short-term memory is about 7 items. Answer: T; Easy 72. Chunking serves to increase the capacity of sensory memory. Answer: F; Moderate FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS: 73. Semantic and episodic memory are subdivisions of __________ memory. Answer: explicit; Moderate 74. Scores on a recall test of memory are likely to be ___________ than those on a recognition test of memory. Answer: lower; Difficult 75. â€Å"It’s like riding a bike; once you know how, you don’t forget. † This adage suggests that procedural memories do not require conscious attempts at recall; that is, procedural memories are often ________. Answer: implicit; Moderate 76. Implicit memory is often studied through experiments that use ________. Answer: primes/priming; Moderate 77. You have just listened to your current favorite song on your iPod. You can still hear traces of the final chorus, even though the song has just ended. For a few seconds, the song will be represented in auditory sensory memory, or ________ memory. Answer: echoic; Moderate 78. A ________ is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short- term memory. Answer: chunk; Easy ESSAY QUESTIONS: 79. Distinguish between explicit and implicit memory. How is implicit memory studied in the laboratory? How does implicit memory research inform the continuing debate in psychology regarding the unconscious determinants of behavior? In your answer, make explicit reference to behaviors that may have important personal and social consequences. Difficult 80. Define and provide original examples from your own experience of each of the following types of long-term memory: episodic, semantic, and procedural memory. Difficult 81. George Sperling conducted classic experiments in which participants were first exposed briefly to a letter matrix; after a varying interval, an auditory tone cued participants to report the letters contained in a specific row of the matrix. The results indicated that iconic memory accurately codes the spatial location of stimuli, and that the information in iconic memory decays after approximately 1 s. Might sensory memory also code other physical stimulus characteristics, such as color or size? Might it code the categorical identical of stimuli, such as whether the stimuli are letters or numbers, upper- or lower-case letters, consonants or vowels, and so on? Does such information decay more rapidly or more slowly from sensory memory than spatial location information? Use your imagination and describe two original experiments modeled on Sperling’s studies that might answer such questions. Be sure to state your hypotheses and to identify the pattern of results that would support your hypotheses. Difficult 2. Short-term memory is limited both in the amount of information it can hold at one time and in how long it can hold information. Describe several strategies one might use to overcome the capacity and duration limitations of short-term memory. How might one use these strategies when studying for course materials? Provide concrete examples. Difficult SECTION 2 MULTIPLE-CHOIC E QUESTIONS: 83. Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last? a. encoding ( storage ( retrieval b. storage ( retrieval ( encoding c. encoding ( retrieval ( storage . storage ( encoding ( retrieval Answer: a; Easy 84. Which of the following is NOT one of the three memory processes identified in your text? a. encoding b. priming c. storage d. retrieval Answer: b; Moderate 85. When we use the term â€Å"remembering† in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of: a. rehearsal b. retrieval c. encoding d. storage Answer: b; Moderate 86. Amelia remarks that she needs to learn her text’s section on the structures of the brain for an upcoming test. Brian responds that he couldn’t remember the function of the hippocampus on a test the preceding day. With respect to the three memory processes described in your text, Amelia is making reference to _________. Brian is referring to ______. a. encoding; storage b. retrieval; encoding c. retrieval; storage d. encoding; retrieval Answer: d; Moderate 87. When answering such questions as â€Å"Who was your date to the Junior Prom? † or â€Å"Which costume did you wear last Halloween? † you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of: a. encoding b. rehearsal c. priming d. retrieval Answer: d; Moderate 88. Clarice presses a key on her computer to save a document she has been editing. A file is then created on her computer’s hard drive. The computer’s action is most similar to the memory activity of _________. The computer’s hard drive is similar to _________ memory in the three-stage memory model. a. retrieval; long-term b. priming; short-term c. encoding; long-term d. encoding; short-term Answer: c; Easy 89. An investigator asks some participants to count the number of letters in each of the names on a long list of Russian rivers. She asks other participants to pronounce each river’s name and asks, for instance, â€Å"Does it rhyme with Vienna? † (for Lenna). She asks a third group of participants to place the river on a map and to observe into which larger body of water it flows. Which approach memory concept is this investigator most likely interested in? a. context-dependent memory b. schemas c. state-dependent memory d. elaborative encoding Answer: d; Moderate 90. Which statement best expresses the relationship between attention and the memory activity of encoding? a. Attention is a byproduct of encoding. b. Attention is unrelated to encoding. c. Attention is the same as encoding. d. Attention is necessary for encoding. Answer: d; Moderate 91. Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln’s head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew’s memory failure? a. The information is difficult to retrieve, because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew’s long-term memory. b. The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stored in Drew’s long-term memory. c. The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln’s head on the penny. d. The information was immediately displaced from Drew’s working memory after it was encoded. Answer: c; Moderate 2. Which of the following is the best reason for why we have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that we just passed ten minutes ago? a. Working memory lasts only a minute or so. b. License plate numbers are too difficult to remember easily. c. We probably never encoded the number in the first place. d. The m emory, though present, is too difficult to retrieve except under special circumstances, such as hypnosis or substantial amounts of stress. Answer: c; Moderate 93. Which of the following defines elaborative encoding? a. Learning by processing in ways that make information relevant b. Learning by processing information in procedural memory c. Learning by processing simpler materials as complex material d. Learning by rehearsing Answer: a; Easy 94. Dr. Fernald is conducting a memory experiment. One group of participants has to decide whether each of a list of words begins with the same letter as a target word; a second group has to determine whether each of a list of words rhymes with a target word; finally, a third group has to determine whether each of a list of words is a synonym or an antonym of a target word. Later, all participants are asked to recall the list words. According to levels-of-processing theory, which group’s performance should be the highest? The lowest? a. highest—synonym/antonym group; lowest—same letter group b. highest—same letter group; lowest—synonym/antonym group c. highest—rhyme group; lowest—same letter group d. highest—synonym/antonym group; lowest—rhyme group Answer: a; Difficult 95. A researcher presents participants with a list of words. She asks the participants to count the letters in the words in Group 1, to come up with rhymes for the words in Group 2, and to produce synonyms for the words in Group 3. Later, she tests the participants’ memory for all of the words. From best to worst, which pattern correctly indicates how well words in each group will be remembered? a. 1, 2, 3 b. 3, 2, 1 c. 3, 1, 2 d. 1, 3, 2 Answer: b; Moderate 96. According to the principle of elaborative encoding, which of the following study techniques would best enhance memory? a. highlighting important passages in the text b. copying the text into a notebook c. reading aloud important passages in the text d. focusing on the meaning of important passages in the text Answer: d; Easy 97. According to the principle of elaborative encoding, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests? a. Grant, who attempts to memorize his notes b. Harry, who attempts to relate the material to his own experiences. c. Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she has learned in other classes d. These students should retrieve information equally well on tests Answer: b; Easy 98. Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship, if any, between elaborative encoding and the self-reference effect? a. Elaborative encoding is synonymous with the self-reference effect. . The self-reference effect is essentially the opposite of elaborative encoding. c. Elaborative encoding is an example of the self-reference effect. d. The self-reference effect is an example of elaborative encoding. Answer: d; Difficult 99. Among the very first attempts to study forgetting scientifically were made by the German psychologist _____ _____. a. Ebbinghaus b. Wundt c. Weber d. Muller Answer: a; Moderate 100. Which of the following statements BEST describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered? a. Material is forgotten at a relatively constant rate once it has been learned. b. Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, then the rate of forgetting slows down. c. Material is forgotten at a relatively slow rate at first, then the rate of forgetting speeds up. d. Nothing is ever really forgotten. Answer: b; Moderate 101. What does Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve tell us about the way we forget material over time? a. We forget information at a constant rate. b. At first, we forget very little of what we have learned, but as time passes, the rate of forgetting accelerates. c. Most forgetting happens immediately after we learn material; the rate of forgetting slows down as time goes by. d. A lot of forgetting happens immediately after we learn material; the rate of forgetting then speeds up as time goes by. e. We forget information at a variable and unpredictable rate as time passes. Answer: c; Moderate 102. Which of the following best describes the results of Ebbinghaus’s work on forgetting? a. You’ll remember what you learn pretty well for a day or two, but then you’ll begin rapidly forgetting the material. b. Beginning immediately, you’ll slowly forget what you’ve learned at a relatively constant rate. c. You’ll forget most of it right away, and you’ll keep on forgetting more of it, though at a slower rate. . You’ll forget a lot of it right away, and you’ll keep on forgetting more of it, at an even faster rate. Answer: c; Moderate 103. According to the ________ effect, _________ practice leads to better learning than __________ practice. a. spacing; distributed; massed b. spacing; massed; distributed c. spacing; massed; spaced d. distributive; distributed; massed Answer: a; Moderate 104. Erika usually ‘crams’ for tests the night before they are given. Francisco generally studies each of his courses for about 45 minutes each night throughout the term. Erika relies on __________, whereas Francisco uses _________. a. aintenance processing; elaborative processing b. distributed practice; massed practice c. massed practice; elaborative processing d. massed practice; distributed practice Answer: d; Easy 105. Which of the following is true about studying? a. Studying and rehearsing past initial mastery increases interference, impairing memory. b. Studying and rehearsing past initial mastery doesn’t actually hurt, but it doesn’t help either. c. Studying and rehearsing past initial mastery improves short-term retention, but doesn’t do much over the longer term. d. Studying and rehearsing past initial mastery improves long-term retention. Answer: d; Moderate 06. â€Å"I know it! It’s um . . . um . . . It starts with ‘G’,† begins a trivia game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the _______ effect. a. tip-of-the-tongue b. flashbulb memory c. source confusion d. retrograde interference Answer: a; Easy 107. Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question, but not being quite able to say it. This is called the â€Å"tip-of the-tongue† phenomenon, and is a failure of __________. a. retention b. storage c. retrieval d. rehearsal Answer: c; Easy 108. On his psychology exam, Mickey is asked to recall the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. He cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing: a. repression b. proactive interference c. retrograde amnesia d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Answer: d; Easy 109. Jamal’s introductory psychology class is held in Room A. For the final exam, the students in Jamal’s class are divided among Rooms A, B, and C. Jamal’s memory for the material is likely to be best if he takes the test in which room? a. Room A b. the largest of the three rooms c. the smallest of the three rooms d. the room most different from Room A Answer: a; Moderate 10. On a test of recall, participants who learn a list of words in one room do better if tested in that same room than if tested in a different room. This finding is best explained by: a. elaborative encoding b. the spacing effect c. state-dependent learning d. context-dependent learning Answer: d; Moderate 111. Ron receives some stock tips when he’s slig htly ‘buzzed’ at an office party. Based on the notion of state-dependent memory, what might you predict regarding the likelihood that Ron will recall the tips the following week? a. He will probably best remember the tips if he is sober. . He will probably best remember the tips if he has had a few drinks. c. He will probably best remember the tips if he is drunk. d. He will remember the tips equally well regardless of his state of intoxication. Answer: b; Moderate 112. Our ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is the __________ effect. a. serial position b. list memory c. cereal position d. item order Answer: a; Easy 113. How might you describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item’s recall to the item’s position on a list? a. U-shaped b. squiggly c. linear, negatively sloped line d. an inverted-U shape Answer: a; Moderate 114. A research participant is required to report as much o f a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines: a. at the beginning of the poem b. in the middle of the poem c. at the end of the poem d. at the beginning or the end of the poem Answer: b; Moderate 115. Before going home, Dr. Rosen tries to flesh out his patient notes. He can remember the first and last sessions of the day, but his memory of the middle ones is a bit fuzzy. Dr. Rosen’s memory reflects the ________ effect. a. primacy b. recency c. serial position d. A, B, and C Answer: d; Difficult 116. The primacy effect refers to the fact that a. the most important items in a list are more most to be remembered. b. the last items presented in a list are most likely to be remembered. c. the first items presented in a list are most likely to be remembered. d. the items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are most likely to be remembered. Answer: c; Moderate 117. â€Å"Cat food, cola, toothpaste,† your roommate begins reciting items into he phone as you throw your books in the backseat and get into your car; youre supposed to hit the store on the way home. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up: â€Å"Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice tea mix. † You forget a couple of things, but you do manage to get the cat food, cola, and toothpaste. Your memory for these items reflects the ___ ______ effect. a. primacy b. recency c. serial memory d. item order Answer: a; Moderate 118. One evening, you examine the schedule for your favorite football team. The team plays sixteen games each season. Later you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do. Chances are, you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? a. the list effect b. the primacy effect c. the consolidation effect d. context-dependent learning e. overlearning Answer: b; Moderate 119. The â€Å"recency effect† refers to the fact that: a. the last items on a list are more likely to be remembered than the middle items b. the first several items on a list are more likely to be remembered than the middle items c. rehearsed items are more likely to be remembered than unrehearsed items d. he most personally relevant items on a list are most likely to be remembered Answer: a; Moderate 120. â€Å"Cat food, cola, toothpaste,† your roommate begins reciting items into the phone as you throw your books in the backseat and get into your car; youre supposed to hit the store on the way home. He continues to list a few more it ems. Finally, he wraps up: â€Å"Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice tea mix. † You forget a few things, but the Ragu, Dawn, and Liptons are in the bag. Your memory for these items reflects the _________ effect. a. primacy b. serial order c. list memory d. ecency Answer: d; Moderate 121. Suppose you begin to list all the classes you’ve ever taken in college. Chances are, you will recall your last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? a. chunking b. the primacy effect c. the recency effect d. memory consolidation Answer: c; Moderate 122. In ________ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in _________ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. a. retroactive; proactive b. proactive; retroactive c. regressive; progressive . progressive; regressive Answer: b; Difficult 123. Bruce watches a new television program with en thusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the second program; he finds that details about the first program keep intruding. What has probably occurred? a. interference b. misinformation c. overlearning d. repression Answer: a; Moderate 124. Nana is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is, the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Nana is experiencing ________ interference. a. retroactive b. progressive c. proactive d. retrograde Answer: c; Moderate 125. Which of the following defines retroactive interference? a. Memory impairment that occurs when earlier learning impairs later learning b. Memory impairment that occurs when later learning is impaired by earlier learning c. Memory impairment that occurs when longer lists come before shorter lists d. Memory impairment that occurs in short-term memory Answer: b; Moderate 126. Which of the following defines proactive interference? a. Memory impairment that occurs when earlier learning impairs later learning b. Memory impairment that occurs when later learning is impaired by earlier learning c. Memory impairment that occurs when longer lists come before shorter lists d. Memory impairment that occurs in short-term memory Answer: a; Moderate 127. Owen has trouble remembering a friend’s new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can’t recall one of her previous addresses, as she’s had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing __________ interference; Pippa is experiencing _________. a. retrograde; anterograde interference b. etroactive; retroactive interference as well c. proactive; proactive interference as well d. proactive; retroactive interference Answer: d; Difficult 128. In a lexical decision task in which participants must judge whether a string of letters forms a word in English, participants are first shown the string BANANA. Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation, whi ch of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly? a. APPLE b. ANANAB c. MAVEN d. BANDANA Answer: a; Moderate 129. Research participants are asked to judge whether or not a string of letters forms a word in English. They are first given the string CABBAGE. Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation, which of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly? a. CRIBBAGE b. CARROT c. TOILET d. CABOOSE Answer: b; Moderate 130. Participants are asked to judge whether a string of letters forms a word in English. The first string they receive is the word VIOLIN. On a subsequent list of words, results show that the participants are substantially faster at answering â€Å"Yes† to the word PIANO than to the word TOILET or BASKET. Which concept does this result most clearly illustrate? a. pisodic memory b. state-dependent learning c. the spacing effect d. spreading activation Answer: d; Moderate 131. Often, one memory triggers others. Of the following, which is the most likely mechanism by which this might occur? a. spreading activation b. serial activation c. network priming d. distributed processing Answer: a; Moderate 132. Properties that must be true of all members of a category are termed ________ features. a. prototypical b. schematic c. defining d. essential Answer: c; Moderate 133. Mothers are necessarily female. Being female is thus a _________ feature of the category mother. a. schematic b. prototypical c. essential d. defining Answer: d; Moderate 134. A prototype is: a. a group of objects sharing one or more common features b. the first example of a concept that one encounters c. the most frequent or common example of a concept d. the best or most typical example of a concept Answer: d; Moderate 135. Which of the following is most likely the prototype of the category â€Å"fruit†? a. olive b. apple c. persimmon d. blueberry Answer: b; Easy 136. A schema is: a. a conceptual framework for interpreting a situation b. a form of proactive interference c. an important result of decay . an item that has been forgotten Answer: a; Easy 137. Dr. Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects m ight happen: He assumes students will assemble, take notes, and occasionally ask a question. That Dr. Tranh finds the process so routine most clearly reflects the development of: a. a semantic association b. explicit memory c. a schema d. a retrieval path Answer: c; Easy 138. Which of the following alternatives best captures the relationship between the concept of a schema and that of a stereotype? a. The concept of a schema is unrelated to that of a stereotype. b. The concept of a schema is broader than that of a stereotype. c. The concept of a schema is narrower that of a stereotype. d. The concept of a schema is the same as that of a stereotype. Answer: b; Moderate 139. Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby a. the number of synaptic and dendritic connections between neurons increases with experience. b. memories become fixed and stable for the long term. c. neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs. d. disturbing memories seem to gain in intensity over time. Answer: c; Moderate 140. The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation. Therefore it is probably most accurate to say that the hippocampus is more involved in _________ than in ________. a. retrieval; encoding or storage b. storage; encoding c. encoding and storage; retrieval d. storage and retrieval; encoding Answer: c; Moderate 141. According to your text, one of the key brain regions in explicit memory is a limbic system structure called the ________. a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. amygdala d. thalamus Answer: a; Moderate 142. The hippocampus: a. helps encode information about spatial relationships b. helps encode the context surrounding events c. helps form associations among memories . A, B, and C Answer: d; Difficult 143. Explicit memories are to implicit memories as the ________ is to the _________. a. hypothalamus; cerebellum b. amygdala; cerebellum c. amygdala; hippocampus d. hippocampus; cerebellum Answer: d; Moderate 144. The amygdala is to the cerebellum as ________ memories are to _________. memories. a. implicit; emotional b. emotional; implicit c. explicit; implicit d. implicit; explicit Answer: b; Moderate 145. Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves her: a. cerebellum b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. amygdala Answer: d; Moderate 146. Which brain structure is correctly matched with its role in memory? a. cerebellum – implicit memory b. hippocampus – emotional memory c. amygdala – explicit memory d. All of these are correctly matched. Answer: a; Moderate 147. In _________ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in __________ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident. a. retrograde; anterograde b. anterograde; retrograde c. regressive; progressive d. retroactive; proactive Answer: a; Moderate 148. Rhonda can’t remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _______ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. retroactive d. proactive Answer: b; Moderate 149. Which of the following defines retrograde amnesia? a. The inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time b. The inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory c. The strengthening of synaptic connections d. The loss of memory due to the passage of time Answer: a; Easy 150. Which of the following defines anterograde amnesia? a. The inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time b. The inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory c. The strengthening of synaptic connections d. The loss of memory due to the passage of time Answer: b; Easy 151. Which of the following defines long-term potentiation (LTP)? a. The inability to retrieve events that occurred before a given time b. The inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory c. The strengthening of synaptic connections d. The loss of memory due to the passage of time Answer: c; Easy 152. Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet-supplies display in a Boise, ID discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, NC. Omar’s amnesia is best described as: a. proactive b. anterograde c. retroactive d. retrograde Answer: d; Moderate 153. Which of the following is NOT among the neurotransmitters mentioned in your text as important in memory? a. glutamate b. serotonin c. endorphins d. epinephrine Answer: c; Difficult 154. Which of the following neurotransmitters is correctly paired with a description of its role in memory? a. serotonin – the most important neurotransmitter in memory b. epinephrine – released when animals learn c. glutamate – may increase memory for stressful events d. None of these is correctly matched. Answer: d; Difficult 55. Based on controlled studies, which of the following popular memory supplements seems to be effective? a. methylphenidate b. amphetamines c. gingko biloba d. none of these Answer: d; Moderate TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS: 156. After material is learned, little is forgotten at first, but then the rate of forgetting speeds up. Answer: F; Moderat e 157. Massed practice yields poorer memory than does distributed practice. Answer: T; Easy 158. The primacy and recency effects are components of the spacing effect. Answer: F; Moderate 159. In a list of items, we tend to forget the middle ones rather than the ones at the beginning or end. Answer: T; Easy 160. The most typical member of a category is termed the defining example. Answer: F; Easy 161. The hippocampus is mainly involved in implicit memory. Answer: F; Moderate 162. Popular memory enhancers, such as gingko biloba, are not especially effective. Answer: T; Easy FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS: 163. â€Å"You’ll probably do better on the test if you put more effort into understanding what the chapter’s trying to say in the first place,† one of your professors admonishes the class. You are reminded of the concept of ___________ encoding. Answer: elaborative; Moderate 164. The slope of the function relating recall to the interval since original learning is _________ sloped. Answer: negatively; Difficult 165. When using a software package’s new interface, you keep trying to use the same menus and make the same selections that worked so well in the old version of the interface. You are experiencing _______ interference. Answer: proactive; Moderate 166. A researcher finds that her participants think most readily of a carrot when prompted with the category â€Å"vegetable. † On this basis, the researcher might argue that a carrot is the ________ vegetable. Answer: prototypical; Moderate 167. Rhoda is thinking of a family reunion last summer. This reminds her that a close friend is attending the same college in which her cousin is enrolled; her thoughts then turn to the reading assignments she has neglected in one of her classes. The process of __________ describes how one memory brings up another in our network of mental categories. Answer: spreading activation; Moderate 168. Explicit memory is to implicit memory as the hippocampus is to the _________. Answer: cerebellum; Moderate 169. Leigh wakes up in a hospital. She remembers careening into a collision, but nothing thereafter. Leigh is experiencing ______ amnesia. Answer: anterograde; Moderate ESSAY QUESTIONS: 170. Define elaborative encoding, state- and context-dependent learning, the serial position effect, and the primacy and recency effects. Describe several ways you might apply your knowledge of these phenomena to improve your retention of material in your college courses. Difficult 171. Describe three of Ebbinghaus’ contributions to our understanding of memory. How might you draw on Ebbinghaus’ legacy to aid your memory for material in your college courses? Difficult 172. Identify three brain structures important to memory; describe the specific role of each in learning and memory. Identify three neurotransmitters involved in memory. Difficult SECTION 3 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS: 173. â€Å"I don’t know who told me first, but I heard that Kenny . . . ,† Lana begins, sharing gossip on the phone to a friend. Lana is experiencing: a. anterograde amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. progressive interference d. a failure of source monitoring Answer: d; Moderate 174. Lydia can’t figure out if she dreamed about a person or whether she met him at a recent party. This kind of uncertainty reflects the limitations of a. source monitoring b. counterfactual thinking c. overconfidence d. heuristic thinking Answer: a; Moderate 75. Orlando swears he remembers the cake and the guests at the party his parents held in honor of his 4th birthday. In reality, Orlando merely remembers the snapshots of the event he viewed in his Mom’s photo album much later in his childhood. Orlando’s manufactured memory reflects: a. the representativeness effect b. func tional fixedness c. a source monitoring error d. counterfactual thinking Answer: c; Moderate 176. People sometimes remember having experienced events they really only imagined. Which of the following phenomena is most likely responsible for this effect? a. heuristic thinking b. overconfidence . misinformation d. source monitoring errors Answer: d; Moderate 177. The ________ effect refers to attitude change that occurs over time as we forget when and where we learned information. It reflects the limitations of _________. a. misinformation; schematic processing b. misinformation; source monitoring c. sleeper; counterfactual thinking d. sleeper; source monitoring Answer: d; Difficult 178. Which of the following is a definition of functional fixedness? a. An inability to use an object in new ways b. A tendency to verify and confirm existing beliefs c. The inability to remember the source of a memory . Attitude change that occurs over time Answer: a; Easy 179. Which of the following is a definition of the confirmation bias? a. An inability to use an object in new ways b. A tendency to verify and confirm existing beliefs c. The inability to remember the source of a memory d. Attitude change that occurs over time Answer: b; Easy 180. Which of the following is a definition of the sleeper effect? a. An inability to use an object in new ways b. A tendency to verify and confirm existing beliefs c. The inability to remember the source of a memory d. Attitude change that occurs over time Answer: d; Easy 181. Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to: a. functional fixedness b. the sleeper effect c. the confirmation bias d. the representativeness heuristic Answer: c; Moderate 182. Sandy, a true believer in astrology, reads in her horoscope that today is her lucky day. She gets so excited that she spills coffee all over herself, necessitating a change of clothes. As a result, she is late for work and for a very important meeting, which in turn gets her into serious trouble with her boss. That evening, her brother is taken to the emergency room. On her way to visit him, Sandy finds a dime in the hospital parking lot. What does research on the confirmation bias suggest that Sandy will do? a. Sandy will renounce astrology as completely wrong because of all the horrible things that happened on her â€Å"lucky day. † b. Sandy will begin to question her belief in astrology because of all the horrible things that happened on her â€Å"lucky day. † c. Sandy will seize on the dime she found as evidence of astrology’s accuracy. d. Sandy will forget finding the dime because of the all the horrible things that happened to her. Answer: c; Moderate 183. Lou considers himself lucky, while his friend Larry considers himself unlucky. They each take $100 to a casino and play blackjack for 3 hours. When they leave, they have each lost $20. What does research on the confirmation bias suggest will happen? a. Because of their losses, Larry will maintain his view of himself and Lou will begin to change his view of himself. b. Both men will reason that they were willing to lose $100 but only lost $20, so it is as if they won $80; so, Lou will maintain his view of himself and Larry will begin to change his. c. Larry will begin to change his view of himself, reasoning that he was willing to lose $100 but he only lost $20, so it is as if he won $80. Because of his loss, Lou will also begin to change his view of himself. d. Larry will maintain his view of himself because of his loss. Lou will also maintain his view of himself, reasoning that he was willing to lose $100 but he only lost $20, so it is actually like he won $80. Answer: d; Moderate 184. Which of the following cognitive biases is correctly matched with a problem that illustrates it? a. Confirmation bias—Duncker’s (1945) candle problem b. Functional fixedness—Wason’s (1960) 2-4-6 problem c. Availability heuristic—determining whether more words begin with ‘r’ or have ‘r’ as the third letter d. None of these are correctly matched. Answer: c; Moderate 185. Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which of the following statements best characterizes Alyssa’s problem solving? a. She is demonstrating schematic processing. b. She has been released from functional fixedness. c. She is taking advantage of the availability heuristic. d. She is using counterfactual thinking. Answer: b; Easy 186. A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can imagine only the conventional uses for her tools. This best demonstrates which of the following? a. The confirmation bias b. Functional fixedness c. Counterfactual thinking d. The representativeness heuristic Answer: b; Easy 187. Henry’s dog, Sparky, has been rolling in the mud. Henry must bathe Sparky before the dog gets mud all over the carpet. However, Henry is unable to find the plug for the tub. Sitting on the counter right beside the tub is a fifty-cent piece. In his frustration, Henry fails to see that the coin could be used as an emergency plug for the tub. What happened to Henry? a. He displayed heuristic processing. b. He fell prey to the confirmation bias. c. He suffered from functional fixedness. d. His thinking was counterfactual. Answer: c; Easy 188. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which misinformation might impair a witness’ memory for the actual events in a crime? a. repression b. proactive interference c. anterograde amnesia d. retroactive interference Anwer: d; Moderate 189. The study of the influence of misinformation on memory is associated with: a. Bower b. Miller c. Sperling d. Loftus Answer: d; Moderate 90. Which of the following is the best definition of the confirmation bias? a. The tendency to verify rather than challenge our existing schemas b. Errors in memory that result from receiving new, conflicting information c. When stimuli that are bright or colorful grab our attention d. When we are more certain of our judgments than we should be Answer: a; Easy 191. Which of the following is th e best definition of the effect of salience? a. The tendency to verify rather than challenge our existing schemas b. Errors in memory that result from receiving new, conflicting information c. When stimuli that are bright or colorful grab our attention d. When we are more certain of our judgments than we should be Answer: c; Easy 192. Which of the following is the best definition of the misinformation effect? a. The tendency to verify rather than challenge our existing schemas b. Errors in memory that result from receiving new, conflicting information c. When stimuli that are bright or colorful grab our attention d. When we are more certain of our judgments than we should be Answer: b; Easy 193. Which of the following is the best definition of overconfidence ? a. The tendency to verify rather than challenge our existing schemas b. Errors in memory that result from receiving new, conflicting information c. When stimuli that are bright or colorful grab our attention d. When we are more certain of our judgments than we should be Answer: d; Easy 194. Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of cars that were described as either contacting or smashing into another. To which of the following conclusions regarding eyewitness memory is this study most relevant? a. The presence of a weapon attracts witnesses’ attention, impairing their memory. . Eyewitnesses confidence is only weakly related to eyewitness memory. c. Eyewitness memory can be heavily influenced by leading questions. d. Child eyewitnesses less suggestible than are adult eyewitnesses. Answer: c; Easy 195. Which of the following alternatives best expresses psychologist Elizabeth Loftus’ position on the validity of recovered me mories? a. Recovered memories are often false. They reflect confusion regarding the source of a memory. b. Recovered memories are often false. They reflect an impairment of implicit memory mechanisms. c. Recovered memories are often false. They reflect a failure of maintenance rehearsal. d. Recovered memories are often false. They reflect limitations on working memory capacity. Answer: a; Difficult 196. Your text states that the salience of a gun draws a witness’ attention away from the face of the perpetrator, reducing the witness’ ability to later identify the perpetrator. This suggests that the effect of the weapon occurred mainly during: a. encoding b. consolidation c. retrieval d. recall Answer: a; Easy 197. Melinda is computing the correlation coefficient between scores on measure of eyewitness confidence and scores on a measure of eyewitness accuracy. What sort of relationship do you think she’ll find? a. a strong negative relationship b. a weak relationship if any c. a strong positive relationship d. a curvilinear relationship Answer: b; Moderate 198. The 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. Princess Diana’s death. The 1986 Challenger explosion. People’s memories for the moment in which they learned of these events are termed ________ memories. a. snapshot b. flashbulb c. photocopy d. thumbnail Answer: b; Easy 199. Flashbulb memories: a. typically concern major, unexpected public or personal events b. are remarkably accurate, even years after the initial event c. re due to special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events d. are more accurate than memories for more mundane events Answer: a; Moderate 200. We are often prone to make judgments on the extent to which the things we observe match our expectations of what we think things should be like while ignoring the mathematical probabilities of the ir occurrence. This error is known as the a. availability heuristic b. representativeness heuristic c. confirmation bias d. stereotypic bias Answer: b; Easy 201. When you use the representativeness heuristic, you are a. aking frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind b. overcoming functional fixedness c. mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality d. basing your judgments on the extent to which an event matches your expectations Answer: d; Moderate 202. Following the September 11, 2001, Twin Towers attacks, many Americans elected to drive rather than fly: The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying. This example illustrates: a. the availability heuristic b. the representativeness heuristic c. he confirmation bias d. overconfidence Answer: a; Moderate 203. A judgment strategy in which one uses the ease with which examples come to mind as the basis for judging how common events really are is called the _______ heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. confirmation d. frequency Answer: a; Easy 204. Stereotypes spring to mind easily. Therefore, we sometimes use them to judge the frequency of certain events such as crimes in a given neighborhood. This example BEST describes the use of the ________ heuristic. a. frequency b. salience c. confirmation d. availability Answer: d; Moderate 05. When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders t

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Inhibit vs Prohibit

Inhibit vs Prohibit Inhibit vs Prohibit Inhibit vs Prohibit By Maeve Maddox Greg Landretti asks: How about inhibit versus prohibit? The first definition of inhibit in the OED gives prohibit as a synonym: inhibit: trans. To forbid, prohibit, interdict (a person) Several of the illustrations show inhibit being used where a modern writer would probably use prohibit. Heres one: By expresse words he was inhibited to beare armes without his own frontiers. prohibit: trans. To forbid (an action, event, commodity, etc.) by a command, statute, law, or other authority Perhaps owing to the influence of the psychology term inhibition, current usage usually associates inhibit with internal control and prohibit with external control. inhibition: Psychol. A voluntary or involuntary restraint or check that prevents the direct expression of an instinctive impulse; also colloq., in looser use, an inner hindrance to conduct or activity. Scientists fear that libel ruling will inhibit debate. Most dogs need to learn to control or inhibit their behavior. B.C. Government Says it Will Prohibit Mining in the Flathead. New Hampshire Bill HB 1301 will prohibit no-fault divorce for parents with minor children. The ability to inhibit ones desires and impulses is an essential and desirable social skill. In some contexts, however, the word inhibited conveys a negative state, while uninhibited is seen as positive. I find myself wishing I were not so inhibited. The people from South Africa are known for the wonderful, uninhibited way in which they express their joy and happiness in life. It was not until the twentieth century that freedom of the press came to be understood as guaranteeing an uninhibited, robust and wide-open public discourse. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouThe Four Sounds of the Spelling OU20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

Saturday, November 23, 2019

The Thirteenth Tale Book Club Discussion Questions

'The Thirteenth Tale' Book Club Discussion Questions The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield is a rich story about secrets, ghosts, winter, books and family. These book club discussion questions on The Thirteenth Tale will help you explore Setterfields masterfully created story. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield. Finish the book before reading on. Books play an important role in The Thirteenth Tale. Discuss Margaret and Miss Winters relationships to books and stories. Could you relate to them? What is your relationship to books? Do you agree with Miss Winter that stories can reveal truth better than simply stating it?The two houses in The Thirteenth TaleAngelfield and Miss Winters estateare prominent in the story. How do the houses reflect the characters who live in them? What do you think they represent?Why do you think Margaret obeyed Miss Winters summons?Miss Winter asks Margaret if she would like to hear a ghost story. Who are the ghosts in the story? In what ways are different characters haunted (Margaret, Miss Winter, Aurelius)?Why do you think Margarets sisters death affected her so profoundly? Why do you think she was able to move beyond it at the end of the novel?After Mrs. Dunne and John Digence die, Miss Winter says the girl in the mist emerges. Did you believe that Adeline had matured? If not, did you suspect the t rue identity of the character? When did you first suspect Miss Winters true identity? Were you surprised? Looking back, what clues did she give you?Do you think Adeline or Emmeline was saved from the fire?What is the significance of Jane Eyre to the story?Do you think it is harder to keep a secret or confess the complete truth?Were you satisfied with the way the story ended for various charactersAurelius, Hester, Margaret?Rate The Thirteenth Tale on a scale of 1 to 5.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Research Papre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Papre - Essay Example This process gets more aggravated when the people cut more trees, which are absorbers of carbon emitted. If we look at history of earth, we can notice that the earth has cooled and heated alternatively in a gradual span of time. The climate of the earth change according to the intensity of sun light receive or due to shift in the orbital movement of earth. However, in the recent times, one force which has alleviated the heating process of earth is humanity. As per (wiscombe,2012)â€Å"The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6 ° F) between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years†. Global warming can be described as a swift increase in the temperature of earth due to a vast release of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere due to the burning up of fossils by humans. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon where in the infrared radiation emitted by atmosphere heat up the planet’s surface. The term â€Å"greenhouse effect† derived from an analogy where the heating up of air inside a greenhouse is compared with the air present outside the greenhouse. Apart from earth, the planets Venus and Mars also experience greenhouse effect. Naturally earth receives heat in the form of radiation from sun and 30% of this incoming energy is solar radiation. The 70% of remaining solar energy is absorbed by the land, ocean and atmosphere of the earth. This natural process occurs in order to give the earth a temperature which is of a stable state and not to allow rapid heating or cooling in the earth’s atmosphere. Generally speaking, only one percent of the earth’s atmosphere is comprised of greenhouse gases .But this greenhouse gas has a feature of trapping heat in the atmosphere and creating a warm blanket of air around the planet. This is what is known as â€Å"green house effect†. Without this greenhouse

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Video review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Video review - Assignment Example The bureaucratic class was also intelligible and competent for helping spreading literacy skills throughout the kingdom through education and social reforms. However, this glass was not destined for Catholicism, which the video barely discusses. Much like economic inequality today, literacy during their religion revival was trickling down. Second, the Catholic Church had integrated the Roman organizational structure for centuries before Charlemagne’s rule. Yet the narrators make it seem as if Charlemagne was beginning from scratch when forming and enacting education reforms to spread literacy. Third, Charlemagne did promote liberal arts but did not operate without support. Liberal arts were already existent but not homogenous, centralized, and integrated into the system, which became Charlemagne’s role. The narrators did not clarify several annotations. First, I did not understand at Charlemagne’s inability to master writing truly meant. I get that Charlemagne was dealing with immense diversity and was possibly the reason he could not interact with others fluently (Smarthistory 2013). Was Charlemagne unable to put his own thoughts to paper or was he able to write

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Dealing with Difficult Clients and Opposing Essay Example for Free

Dealing with Difficult Clients and Opposing Essay The State Bar of California and the Office of Section Education and Meeting Services are approved State Bar of California MCLE providers. Points of view or opinions expressed in these pages are those of the speaker(s) and/or author(s). They have not been adopted or endorsed by the State Bar of California’s Board of Governors and do not constitute the official position or policy of the State Bar of California. Nothing contained herein is intended to address any specific legal inquiry, nor is it a substitute for independent legal research to original sources or obtaining separate legal advice regarding specific legal situations. Dealing with Difficult People by Steven G. Mehta There seems to be no shortage of difficult people in the practice of law. Perhaps there is something in the water, or perhaps it is the economy. But no matter where you go, difficult clients or opposing counsel seem to be popping up out of nowhere. Indeed, take the case of the hypothetical mediator who had a recent encounter with an extremely difficult party who wanted to sabotage the mediation from the very beginning. The client insulted her own attorney, wouldn’t let the other parties speak, accused her attorneys and every attorney in the world of having no heart or emotions and being liars and accused the mediator of lying about the merits of the case. To top off her venom, she had already reported her attorneys to the bar and at every turn was trying to avoid resolving the case. At one point, one of her attorneys walked out of the mediation. In short – she was the mother of all nightmare parties. Unfortunately for mo st attorneys and mediators, they have met this type of client/party at some point in their career. Therefore, it is critical to understand how to deal with such difficult clients and opposing counsel. First, this article will identify some of the different types of difficult clients. Second, it will discuss general strategies on how to deal with difficult people. Finally, it will provide specific tools on how to deal with difficult clients or opposing counsel. The following are the most common types of clients that can walk into your office. Usually, this angry client will be very hostile towards you and others. Your staff may dread dealing with this person. Sometimes, it is unclear why the person is so angry. Be assured that this person’s anger will only get worse during litigation. Moreover, some or all of that anger will spill over to you and your staff. †¢ The vengeful or zealous client. Typically a vengeful or zealous client will be vengeful about many things and not just the cause for what you are being hired. This person will usually make it known that they are bringing the fight based on principle. Many times this desire for vengeance will overcome any sense of rationality. †¢ The obsessed client. This client cannot stop thinking about the case, the injury, the wrong, and what can be done to address this problem. This client could easily call you several times a day to make sure that you are on top of the case. You could likely get too much information rather than too little. †¢ The emotionally needy client. This client is often emotionally fragile and insecure. Many times this person will be in a co-dependent relationship and is seeking to embroil you in another co-dependent relationship. This person may find it very difficult to make decisions. Mediation Offices of Steve G. Mehta 25124 Springfield Court, Ste. 250, Valencia, CA 91355 Tel: (661) 284-1818 Fax: 661 284-1811 Email: [emailprotected] Offices: Valencia Los Angeles ÂThe angry or hostile client. †¢ The dishonest or deceitful client. Often this client will not tell you all the information they know to be relevant or will tell you the wrong information. †¢ The unresponsive client. This client often wants the appearance of an attorney who is providing independent advice but in reality doesn’t want your advice. This client simply wants you to rubber stamp his or her actions. Often, this client will reject your advice because it is contrary to her own. As stated by Sheila Blackford, author of Recognizing Difficult Client Types, â€Å"Clients often come to lawyers to determine the consequences of actions they have already taken or have decided to take.† Often these clients don’t want you as a lawyer, but are â€Å"forced† by others or circumstance to hire a lawyer. Beware that just as they are unwilling to accept your advice, they may also be unwilling to pay the bill for advice they do not want. Finally, there may be a combination of these t ypes of clients. You could end up with an angry, vengeful client that is obsessed. If that is your client, turn in the other direction and run. If this ends up being your opposing counsel, then in the famous words of the Robot in Lost in Space, â€Å"Danger, Will Robinson, Danger!† Now that difficult clients have been identified, it is helpful to look at some strategies that attorneys can use to combat both difficult or nightmare clients and opposing counsel. First, start out by examining yourself. Everyone can be difficult to deal with at times. Before you can determine whether the other person is the problem, make sure that you aren’t the problem. Are you over overreacting? Are you having a bad day? Why is this person affecting you? What buttons of yours are being pushed, and why? After examining whether you may be part of the communication problem or that you have misinterpreted the comments made towards you, then you will have a better idea as to whether this person is being offensi ve or difficult or whether it is you. In examining yourself, it is important to understand that everybody has an instinctual reaction to act when attacked. This is hardwired in our brains from the stone age days where we had to either react to a threat (fight) or flee from the threat (flight). In modern days, the threat is usually not physical, yet the body still gives issues the same fight or flight reaction. People end up having an immediate need to affirmatively right a wrong or injustice against them. More likely, a person can end up wanting to immediately defend his or her actions or position. This is partially because the attack against a person is affecting his or her internal observation of self worth that person’s standing in the community or amongst his peers. Often people feel the need to show that they are correct and that the other person is wrong. This knee jerk reaction, however, can do more damage than good. Indeed, when having such a reaction, most people perceive that it makes them feel good; but shortly thereafter, they regret having said and done what they did in the heat of the moment. The strategies listed hereafter are not in chronological order; but instead are different strategies that can be employed depending on the situation. First, PRESS THE PAUSE BUTTON. In sports after a particularly difficult call by the referee the commentators will press the pause button on the action and show an instant replay at a slower pace. This tool is not just beneficial in sports. The pause button can be very powerful in helping to deal with difficult people. The length of the pause can depend on the situation. In the case of a minor issue, you might treat the matter with a small pause, giving yourself just enough time to think. Indeed, this is exactly what attorneys tell their clients in preparation for deposition. After the question is asked, wait for a brief second before answering. That pause can help to avoid making a huge blunder by saying the wrong thing. In other cases, you might need a longer pause. You could simply ask for a five-minute break or ask to use the restroom; whatever excuse you need to give to allow yourself a moment to think. Once you have hit the pause button, you can then consider the comment or action, its impact on the scheme of things, and what you might want to do in response. Take for example, the case of one mediator. In one particularly nasty mediation, when a party insulted the mediator’s integrity to its foundation, the mediator simply took a moment to pause in the mediation to let the sting of the initial insult pass. Then he asked take a five-minute break while he digested the information just conveyed. Then when he returned, he simply moved the mediation forward as if the comment had never been made. Once the party realized that she couldn’t get a reaction to her insulting comments, she was forced to stop making them. Another rule to consider is that â€Å"You don’t have to win every argument.† As noted above, often the reason a person jumps into the fray is because she wants to prove that she is right. This is difficult for lawyers because they are trained to advocate their position. However, proving that you are right with a difficult person can simply entrench that person even further; and even though you may feel that you are right, the other person will never agree. Sometimes the best response is to let it go and have the satisfaction that you know that you are right. Another important strategy is to employ ACTIVE LISTENING skills. An important sign of respect for another person is to actually listen to what that other person has to say. How many times have you been in a situation where someone has said:â€Å"You aren’t listening to me. One of the most powerful tools in addressing difficult people is using active listening skills. Active listening skills include avoiding any distractions – such as that pesky Blackberry – and really trying to under stand the other person’s positions and concerns. All too often attorneys are already working on their response while the other person speaks. clarify what you understand about the other person’s statements. Ask whether your restatement is an accurate version of what the other person feels. Sometimes, depending on the person, you might mirror some of the nonverbal cues the person displays. Studies show that by mirroring non-verbal gestures, the other person will feel more connected with you. Ask questions that elicit more information from the other person. Depending on the person, you may have to spend a considerable amount of time using active listening skills. However, at the end of such a process you might find that the difficult person is much less difficult. It is also important when dealing with difficult people that you try not to give that person an excuse to be even more difficult. As such, when you communicate your concerns or feelings try to avoid using terms that target the other person, such as â€Å"you† phrases which target the other person’s behavior. Instead, talk about your experience s using â€Å"I† phrases, such as â€Å"I was upset when I heard the comments.† This approach helps to avoid attacking the other person or accusing the other person of something. Match communication styles. Generally, people fall into three categories: Audio learners, visual learners, or Kinesthetic (or touch) learners. You can tell which style a person favors by the language she uses. Think about whether the other person is using visual language such as color, seeing, and pictures or whether the person is using audio language such as hearing, sounds, vibrations, etc. Then try to match their language by using words that relate to those styles in your responses. For example, with a visual person you might comment, â€Å"I see your position,† but with an audio person you might say, â€Å"I hear what you are saying.† If the difficult person puts you in a position where you are required to respond, ask that person what exactly he is upset about. This will help to demonstrate that you are interested in solutions rather arguing. This strategy then can allow you to incorporate active listening once the person explains to you their concern (irrational or otherwise). Finally, if after an unreasonable attack against you, consider agreeing with a small portion of the statement. This can accomplish several things. First, it can help you avoid jumping in to defend yourself and continuing the unhealthy communication. More importantly, however, it can allow you to create something in common with the angry person and may appease their irrational anger. These general strategies can be very useful in dealing with all types of difficult people. But what about the difficult client or lawyer? There are several specific strategies to work with these individuals. First, there is a saying that the best client you will ever have is the one that you don’t take. In other words, sometimes it is far better to not take a client than to take a client and have nightmares wondering if you are going to be called by the Bar or se rved with an unjustified malpractice suit. matter how lucrative, are just not worth the risk and the stress. Many times if the client is difficult as a prospective client, that person will only get worse during the representation. If you don’t have the luxury of refusing to represent a certain person, establish boundaries. You can limit your involvement to specific interactions. You can also establish boundaries for when and how many calls you might take on a particular topic. One lawyer has a written guideline for all of his clients which establishes what the lawyer will and won’t do in the legal process, including responding to calls on the weekend. Third, you can establish specific requirements for your clients in the very first meeting and before you sign the retainer. Along those same lines, one of the major frustrations for attorneys is clients that have unreasonable expectations of the result and process. By providing the clients with a detailed explanation of what they can expect, and what you expect, y ou can minimize difficult communications. This principle can also work very effectively with opposing counsel. If counsel is abusive to you or your staff, you can set down ground rules for future communications. If those ground rules are not honored, then you can limit your communications. For example, one lawyer lets the opposing counsel know that if there are any further abusive phone calls, then all further interactions will have to be in writing. Moreover, if the opposing counsel persists in his or her actions, then all writings will not be by fax or email, and will only be accepted and given in the mail. One lawyer has gone so far as to require that all conferences be videotaped. Unfortunately due to the nature of the practice of law which involves conflict scenarios, there will continue to be difficult people in the practice of law. There are many strategies for dealing with difficult people. This article has only addressed a few of them. However, armed with these strategies, it is possible to substantially decrease the number of difficult interactions and the stress related to those interactions. Research sources: http://www.abanet.org/lpm/magazine/articles/v36/is4/pg41.shtml Pyschology Today. http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200609/dealing-difficultpeople Steven G. Mehta, Esq. is a full time mediator based in Los Angeles with offices in Downtown and Valencia and specializes in emotionally complex cases involving elder law, injury cases, and employment disputes. He can be reached through his website at www.stevemehta.com. Mediation is a tool to help people recognize their responsibility for things, to negotiate a solution and to move on with their lives. My role is to allow them to present their side, to ensure that they are heard and to help them achieve a resolution.† What, exactly, is Mehta’s magic? Understanding human dynamics. â€Å"Anyone can learn the law,† he points out. â€Å"Understanding people is where my expertise lies. There are two sides and two emotions to every story. I care about them both.† But there’s a huge chasm between understanding human dynamics and getting two frustrated, angry parties to agree. Mehta is very definitive about what it takes to bridge that gap and bring the parties together. â€Å"My ability to connect with each participant and develop trust is absolutely essential,† he says. â€Å"Then, I need to be creative about solutions. Finding a mutually satisfying settlement is as much art as it is law. Finally, I never give up. Nothing is impossible. The impossible just takes a little longer.† In the end, there is almost always an answer. When it’s over, it’s a solution the parties chose. â€Å"They feel empowered. Grateful. Relieved,† Mehta says. â€Å"Most importantly, they feel free to move on with their lives.† Now, that’s a masterful job.