Business Plan for a Startup Business Term Paper

Field-tested strategy for a Startup Business - Term Paper Example gers, flame broiled chicken burger; side dishes, for example, French fries, green servings of mixed greens; and drink things incorporate shakes, espresso, tea alongside orange and lemon juices. The essential focused on gathering of customers of the proposed food truck business will be youthful grown-up experts, sightseers and school/college understudies. With regards to proprietorship, the proposed adventure will be worked by a gathering of three people dropped from their business enterprise degree in Al Ain City. Concerning the current market measurements in the food business, it very well may be evaluated that the portable food administration or the way toward offering food things through food truck will create a feasible situation with solid money related execution and brand picture. It is anticipated that the beginning up food truck business may achieve good outcomes in the underlying long periods of its activities through considering the above-examined significant factors viably. The business plan for the proposed food truck business will concentrate on performing direct deals. The methodology of leading direct deals regarding shipping food things will empower the proposed business of food-truck to give quality based nourishments and administrations to every individual or gathering of buyers. Besides, the business technique of the proposed business will likewise accentuate on creating more noteworthy client mindfulness inside the commercial centers of Al Ain City of UAE. The proposed marketable strategy of Food truck for burgers in Al Ain City UAE will be profoundly centered around selling quality burgers alongside cheap food things towards picking up consideration of the expanding food-darlings over the city. As indicated by the proposed arrangement, the association will be profoundly dependable to meet the clients with developing pattern of the changing food propensities alongside their developing advantages on devouring wide scope of cheap food things regardless of various areas in the city. The association will midway concentrate on planning an interesting idea of selling food things through

GOVT 480 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GOVT 480 Final - Essay Example Today, universal fear based oppression has become a significant danger to the security of the United States. Local psychological warfare in the United States has been a major danger in the twentieth century. The Los Angeles Times Building and the Wall Street besieging are instances of bombings that happened right off the bat during the 1920s. In the later 1990s, there was proof of Unabomber assaults that utilized complex innovation. For example, a science educator Theodore was associated with the plan of letter bombs that detonated on opening. Be that as it may, the legislature has invested enough amounts of energy to incapacitate aircraft and to contain the danger. The counter psychological warfare body has stayed everyone's eyes in containing abusive behavior at home and has captured such activities with incredible effectiveness. Clancy (2012), the appointee right hand chief of the counter psychological warfare division expressed that in spite of the fact that the hazard stills continues general society has little to stress as aggressive behavior at home is not, at this point a danger in America. In any case, the US government has another issue to deal with. In the ongoing past, the United States has had rubbing with unfriendly gatherings, for example, the Al-Qaeda, coming about into new danger of global psychological warfare. Worldwide fear based oppression is a more prominent motivation to stress than aggressive behavior at home because of the seriousness of these assaults. For example, in eleventh September, 2011, the Al-Qaeda assaulted the twin towers in United States slaughtering more than 3,000 residents. Albeit different endeavors have been propelled to end the pressure among US and Al-Qaeda, plainly there is probability of a retribution strategic the US contribution in the war in Iraq. The US president Barack Obama has invested amounts of energy to apply strategy in killing the danger however since Al-Qaeda is a rough gathering, universal psychological warfare stays a significant danger whose arrangement is yet to be discovered (Clancy, 2012). On this ground, killing abusive behavior at home has been an incredible leg for America yet the test of global fear mongering is still

5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a Loan

5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a Loan 5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a Loan 5 Questions to Ask Before Cosigning a LoanWe all want to help out where we can. But do your homework first.  Congratulations! Your credit is looking good. Youve got money in the bank, and youve been following a responsible budget for a while now. All this financial success  is great for you, of course, but it can also open you up to some pretty interesting requests.See, when your credit isnt so hot, it can be difficult to gain access to traditional lines of credit and cash that are readily available to people with great credit, like you. If you  want a new credit card, all you have to do is apply and voila! There it is! Want to take out a personal loan? The bank will bend over backward to give you one. Want to go back to school? FAFSA will literally throw money at you. OK,  maybe not literally, but the point still stands:  Things are a lot easier when you have a good credit score.When you have bad credit, its not so simple. Any emergency can mean financial ruin, and when you have now here else to turn, predatory no credit check loans and high-interest cash advances seeming like  the only options.  But heres the thing, people with bad credit who get their friends and family with good  credit to vouch for them can have a much easier time.If you have good credit, dont be surprised if someone youre close to asks you to cosign for them on a loan, a credit card or  a lease. Instead, you should ask yourself these five questions.1. What exactly does cosigning mean?When you cosign on something, it means that you are being asked to take on the other persons debt if they are unable to pay it. According to the FTC, in order to cosign on a loan for someone, you must first sign a cosigners notice, which lays out the terms of the agreement:You are being asked to guarantee this debt. Think carefully before you do. If the borrower does not pay the debt, you will have to. Be sure you can afford to pay if you have to, and that you want to accept this responsibility.You may have to pay up to the full amount of the debt if the borrower does not pay. You may also have to pay late fees or collection costs, which increase this amount.The creditor can collect this debt from you without first trying to collect from the borrower.* The creditor can use the same collection methods against you that can be used against the borrower, including suing you or garnishing your wages. If this debt is ever in default, that fact may become a part of your credit record.This notice is not the contract that makes you liable for the debt.*Depending on the laws in your state, this may not apply. If state law forbids a creditor from collecting from a co-signer without first trying to collect from the primary debtor, this sentence may be crossed out or omitted.2. What (and who) is the loan for?So youve been asked to cosign on something. Before you sign on the dotted line, its important you establish exactly what youre helping this person to get. Theres a big difference between helping someone get a college education,  helping  to lease a brand new car, or helping  someone get an apartment.While its noble to want to help someone go to college, for example, you could be potentially signing on to hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of debt. What if the student in question drops out and cant find a job? Youll be on the hook for the full cost of their education. What if theyre irresponsible and miss payments? Your credit will take a hit.You also need to consider who this person is to you. Are they your child? Your sister? Your friend from high school who randomly messaged you on Facebook? Remember, no matter how close you are to this person, you are not obligated to risk your good financial standing for them.3. Why does this person need a cosigner?This is an important point to consider before legally binding yourself to someone. Why, exactly, do they need you to cosign for them? Was their identity stolen by a scammer who racked up fake debt in their name? Are they a young teenager  who  doesnt have ANY credit â€"good or badâ€"yet? Are they stuck in debt spiral from predatory payday loans or title loans? Have they filed for bankruptcy? Been evicted because they couldnt pay their rent?Dont be shy. This person is asking you to legally vouch for their debts, and you deserve to get a full and honest picture of their financial history before you agree to anything. If you know this person well, ask yourself whether you consider them to be responsible. Have you ever seen them fall behind on installment loan payments  or on their rent?  Or have you always known them to be good with money?Ask them about their credit score, about their payment history. Make sure you know about their job history, and their current monthly income and expenses.  This might be an uncomfortable conversation to have, but its necessary to completely understand this persons  finances before you risk yours to help them.4. Can I afford to  take on the entirety of this debt?If the answer to this question is no, dont cosign on anything. According to Forbes,  four in ten people who cosign loans end up losing money as a result of this decision. 26 percent of them say it damaged their relationship with the person they were cosigning for, and 28 percent say they experienced a drop in their credit score.In order to avoid something like this happening to you, take a good, hard look at your own finances before you make a decision.  Ask yourself: can you afford an additional $300/month payment on a car you dont have access to? Do you want to carry $50,000 in student loan debt for an education you didnt get? Do you have the money to cover this persons rent  for an entire year?While in a perfect world, you wont have to shoulder any of this debt, you are legally agreeing to do so by co-signing for them. If your life or finances would be significantly damaged by having to take on the entire debt load yourself, you should think twice before cosigning. You dont want to get stuck relying on expensive title loans because a friend or relative let you down.5. What are the risks for my cosigner?Yes, youre not the only one at risk in this arrangement. Particularly when it comes to student loans, the person who youre cosigning for could get stuck with payments they cant afford based entirely on your incomeâ€"not theirs.  Additionally, if you die or declare bankruptcy, the loan you cosigned on may be immediately placed into default.According to a 2014 report from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau:Borrowers report that some lenders demand immediate full repayment upon the death or bankruptcy of their loan co-signer, even when the loan is current and being paid on time. Borrowers also describe facing bureaucratic barriers to releasing co-signers from their loans, a commonly advertised benefit that could help avoid auto-defaults.If you are set on cosigning for someone, make  sure both of you are  thoroughly  educated on the procedure for cosigner release , and on what would happen to the loan if something were to happen to you. Ask the lender these questions before you sign, or you could be putting both of your financial futures in grave danger.To learn more about dealing with debt, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Does Medical Debt Really Go Away After Seven Years?3 Ways an Installment Loan Can Help Your Credit ScoreHow to Pay for College: A Student Loan and Scholarships PrimerHave you ever co-signed a loan We want to hear about your experience!  You can  email us,  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

About George and Lennie in the novel Of Mice and Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1324 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? Have you ever cared about somebody so much that you would do anything to keep them safe? Sometimes, in order to do this you need to sacrifice things you want in life. Even if you could you live an easier and happier life without that person, you decide to stay by their side because you care about them. The character George Milton in the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, perfectly demonstrates this action with his friend and partner, Lennie Smalls. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About George and Lennie in the novel Of Mice and Men" essay for you Create order In this story, George and Lennie are migrant workers during the Great Depression who find a ranch to work on in California. George has been taking care of Lennie for a long time, ever since Lenniers Aunt Clara passed away, George has always been by his side because he knows that there is no way Lennie can even last a week by himself. Lennie isnt a bright character and he can get into a lot of trouble which makes it even harder for George to want to stay with him. There have been many times when George has thought about how easy his life would be without Lennie, but he knows that keeping Lennie safe is the right thing to do so he will do the best he can keeping Lennie safe and out of trouble at the ranch. George is protective, kind-hearted, and quick-witted because he knows that Lennie is not capable of surviving by himself. George and Lennie decide to take a break from walking to the ranch where they are planning to work at and lay down on the sand. Steinbeck writes, ?God, youre a lot of trouble, said George, ?I could live so easy and so nice if I didnt have you on my tail. I could live so easy and maybe have a girl. (9). George makes a statement that he could such a better life if he didnt have to take care of a troublemaker like Lennie all the time. Although this quote may seem like George dislikes Lennie and doesnt want anything to do with him, George really does cares about him because he sacrifices those wants to stick by Lenniers side. The manner George uses in this quote shows that Lennie isnt a person someone would like to take care of. The phrase George uses, I could live so easy and so nice if I didnt have you on my tail. can also help us determine that Lennie is holding George back from what he wants to do and achieve in life. This is a key quote in determining Georgers personality because it shows that George would rather stay with somebody he really cares about than obtaining his wants in life. This is evident because George could have left Lennie a long time ago if he wanted and he didnt have to take care of him after Lenniers Aunt Clara past away. However, Georgers decision to take care of Lennie shows how his kind-hearted personality comes to play. Later in the same scene, George continues to talk to Lennie about how life would be like for him without Lennie and then Lennie tells George that he could go away and live by himself if George didnt want him. George immediately responds with, ?No look! I was jus foolin, Lennie. ?Cause I want you to stay with me. Trouble with mice is you always kill ?em. He paused. ?Tell you what Ill do, Lennie. First chance I get Ill give you a pup. Maybe you wouldnt kill it. Thatd be better than mice. And you could pet it harder. (14). George instantly regrets what he said to Lennie about living a better life without him because he realizes that saying this is hurtful to Lennie and George even tells Lennie that hell find him a pup to make up for what he previously said. This quote shows that George clearly cares about Lennie and wants him to stay with George because not only is Lennie a phenomenal worker, but he is also a true friend to George and without Lennie, George would end up lonelier. By pro mising Lennie a pup, shows that George wants to make Lennie happy and bring him more joy because he works hard and yet Lennie isnt a bright character, he is still human and deserves love and joy. All in all, George may act harsh on Lennie at times, but it is only to keep Lennie safe and out of trouble and deep inside George still loves Lennie even though he may be a troublemaker, which shows his kind-hearted personality. In addition to Georgers kind-hearted personality, he is also a quick-witted character as demonstrated through his careful and effective decision making. When Whit, a rancher, invites George to come in town for a night to Susyrs place, George declines the offer. George states, ?Me an Lenniers rollin up a stake, said George, ?I might go in an set and have a shot, but I aint puttin out no two and a half. (52). George suggests that he might go but he wont spend much money because he knows that since Lennie and him are saving money up for bigger things like their dream farm, it wouldnt be smart for George to waste a lot of money at a ?whore house. George effectively analyzes this situation that Whit has put him in, and uses his careful thinking to make the right decision which evidently shows his quick-witted character. Not only does George decline the offer, but he does so with the thought of Lennie and their hard work they both of them put in to raise the money in mind when coming up wi th a decision. This quote can also tell us that George cares about the more important things in life and doesnt care to much about the little things in life. Furthermore, George has tunnel vision on working hard to live a better life and not letting the lesser important things get to him. Near the end of the story, George decides to shoot Lennie by the Salinas River where Lennie ran to after he murdered Curleyrs wife. Steinbeck writes, And George raised the gun and steadied it, and he brought the muzzle of it close to the back of Lenniers head. The hand shook violently, but his face set and his hand steadied. He pulled the trigger. The crash of the shot rolled up the hills and rolled down again. Lennie jarred, and then settled slowly forward to the sand, and he lay without quivering. (103-104). Steinbeck describes how George shoots Lennie in the back of the head with a luger that he confiscated from Carlson, and the reaction of Lenniers lifeless body to the shot. Not only does George make the decision to shoot Lennie, but he does so with the luger aimed in the back of Lenniers head. This is done so the victim doesnt feel any pain and this is very similar to what Carlson did with Candyrs dog. George realized that the reason he wants to kill Lennie himself is because he doesnt want Lennie to die painfully to Curley, so in order to inflict little to no pain to Lennie, George uses what Carlson did and aims for the back of the head. It is evident that Lennie didnt feel any pain because after the shot, Lennie slowly starts to lay down without quivering. To add, this decision that George made to kill Lennie with a sto len luger shows that George knew this is how he wanted it to end and he took the time to plan out this event so it would go exactly how he wanted it to, thus resembling his quick-witted character because if he didnt kill Lennie then the other ranchers would of done so with even more pain and showing no mercy. This decision was definitely not easy for George to make, but it was the right choice to make.

Political Views on Angels in America - 1607 Words

Political Views on Angels in America The representation of individualism and stagnation during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, juxtaposed to Kushner’s progress and collectivism. Angel: Greetings Prophet! The Great Work Begins: The Messenger has arrived. Prior: Go Away. (Kushner, 149) Throughout Part Two of Tony Kushner’s play Angels in America, Prior the Prophet envisions progress in the world after the Angel confronts him at the end of Part One. The red line connecting Prior and the Angel throughout the play is this progress juxtaposed to stagnation, wherein the Angel wants Prior to prophesize a stop of movement, a stop to understanding the world and a stop to the want of humanity to advance (178). Prior is conflicted†¦show more content†¦The same relation can be found in Reagan’s inaugural address from 1981, where he speaks of â€Å"how unique we really are,† and â€Å"we are a united people pledged to maintaining a political system which guarantees individual liberty to a greater degree than any other† (Reagan). He speaks of a united people, but the emphasis remains on the individual liberty and â€Å"self-rule† he later mentions in the same address. This representation of Republic individualism is not only visible i n Joe and Roy as discussed by Corby (19-20), but can also be found in reference to the Angel. On multiple occasions the Angel, when appearing to Prior, lays emphasis on herself by his repetition of I. Another way of accentuating the individual is in his praise of the Prophet, Prior. Both can be seen in the following passage when the Angel presents herself to Prior for the first time: I I I I Am the Bird Of America, the Bald Eagle, Continental Principality, LUMEN PHOSPHOR FLUOR CANDLE! I unfold my leaves, Bright steel, In salutation open sharp before you: PRIOR WALTER Long-descended, well-prepared (Kushner, 170) â€Å"I I I I† lays focus on this individual entity, representing herself as the â€Å"Bird of America,† clearly connecting it in a similar way Reagan did in his address. The â€Å"Long-descended, well-prepared† Prior is idolized as the Prophet, the one who needs to relay his message to the people. The phraseShow MoreRelatedThe Function of Dual Roles in Tony Kushner’s Angels in America1060 Words   |  5 PagesIn Tony Kushner’s Angels in America, the interconnection of people and events, that might ordinarily be viewed as disconnected or unrelated, is implicitly presented in the characters section. 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The use of split scenes in â€Å"Angels in America† allows Kushner to demonstrate the similar ways in which both Joe and Prior respond to alienation despite having distinct personal conflicts. The two characters’ societal and personal dilemmas are most evidently intertwined in Act 2, Scene 9 of the play.Read MoreAngels in America by Tony Kushner984 Words   |  4 Pagesexamine Angels in America because using Queer Theory allows us to see/ illuminates the difference between socially constructed gender and sexual acts based on sexual identity. Queer theory argues that gender is a cultural construct, that the social norms of men being masculine and women being feminine were manipulated as a culture to be seen as normal. In Angel in America, Roy Cohn is an attorney with power in his work place; he expresses a strong masculine character with â€Å"clout†, strong political power

Leadership -Its Importance for Today’s Organization Free Essays

Managing a flourishing business or strengthening the health of an already reputable business needs fit, continuing leadership and management, marketing and financial management, and planning, product and service development. (Barbara Kellerman, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, 1988) Definition of â€Å"Leadership† and Differences with Respect to â€Å"Management† Leading is influencing someone in some means. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership -Its Importance for Today’s Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The majority people will have the same opinion on at least this much of some perfect definition for the term. There are several, further aspects to this statement that could be explored; however this simple definition may be sufficient to go forward. (Robert A. Corrigan, 2002) A â€Å"leader† is a name who is leading — maybe. A number of writers make use of the term â€Å"leader† as based on the formal role in an organization. Other writers talk about a â€Å"leader† as someone who is showing character of leading. Though, many writers would oppose that a CEO is always a leader. For instance, if an organization is floundering badly with little or no direction, possibly the CEO is not efficiently leading the organization and, consequently, is in fact not a leader. It is bsed on one’s use of the word â€Å"leader†. Nearly everyone would have the same opinion that the term â€Å"Leadership† refers to the capability to lead. Many writers use the word â€Å"leadership† to refer to a person who shows traits of leading. Though, many writers as well use the term to denote the executive level of an organization. Conventionally the term â€Å"management† is portrayed as the functions of planning, organizing, leading as well as controlling activities in an organization. â€Å"Managing† is elucidated as carrying out these activities. Courses in management frequently teach from this point of view. Some writers pursue this view and think that the activity of leading is however one facet of management. Other writers differ and state that â€Å"managing† is planning, organizing and controlling and that â€Å"leading† is a definitely separate activity that first and foremost involves influencing people. An old saying that follows from this last view is â€Å"Leaders do the right things. Managers do things right†. One more saying is â€Å"Leaders lead people, managers manage things†. Other writers would even oppose with this view, still. They would emphasize that, even though a person happens to be carrying out activities that persuade others, if he or she does not hold an official role in the organization with the designation of â€Å"manager†, then he or she is not a â€Å"leader†. Leading is an extremely human activity. All of us are human. Consequently the majority of us can present a lot of advice regarding what a good leader should do. We want them to change themselves and their organizations, at the same time making sure that all of us have jobs. We put forward that leaders construct teams, yet focus on employees. They must develop clarity, yet embrace change and confusion. In the meantime, certainly, no matter how much a person thinks that leading is separate from managing, every leader has to operate within definite budget limit. Executive-level leaders hear from board members and others in the organization that the top precedence is strong financial management. The effort to take risks at the same time as managing cash flow can be devastating. As a result, it can turn out to be quite confusing for these leaders to glean a consistent message from all of the continuing advice. (The Washington Times, 2005). The Importance of Leadership to Effective Strategy Development and Implementation Strategic planning finds out where an organization is going over the next year or more, how it is going to get there also how it’ll know if it got there or not. The focus of a strategic plan is generally on the whole organization. They find out direction. They move organizations from where they are to where they have to be. Leaders make things come about. They form the culture. They make use of the management tools. Leaders are ground-breaking. They face truth and rally appropriate resources. They give confidence others to do the same. (Gilbert W. Fairholm, 1998) Employee Perceptions of What Constitutes Effective Leadership Note: Great question for survey It is a tough job to run a group of people where authority has to be earned. Only some people do it effectively, for the reason that it demands an unusual amalgamation of attributes. A belief in oneself is the merely thing that gives an individual the poise to step into the unknown and to influence others to go where no one has gone before, however this has to be combined with a well-mannered doubt, the humbleness to accept that one can be mistaken on occasion, that others as well have ideas, that listening is as vital as talking. A fervor for the job offers the energy and focus that drive the organization and that act as an instance to others, however this as well has to be combined with its opposite, an awareness of other worlds, for the reason that focus can turn to blinkers, an incapability to think beyond one’s own box. Great leaders manage time to read, to convene people beyond their own circle, to walk in other worlds. The leader should have a love of people, as in a community of individuals, those who discover individuals a pain and an irritation may be respected or feared, however they will not be keenly followed. (Nelson Fabian, 2004)  Thus far this attribute, too, needs its opposite, a capability for aloneness, for the reason that leaders have to be out front. It is not always probable to share one’s uncertainties with anyone else. Only some will thank the leader when things go right, however several will blame the leader if things go wrong. Great leaders have to walk alone now and then. They as well have to live vicariously, obtaining their satisfaction from the victories of others and giving those others the gratitude that they themselves are often denied. Living with these inconsistencies needs great strength of character. It as well needs a belief in what one is doing. Money only will not be sufficient to offer the reason to live with these contradictions. Even a love of power is inadequate, as power irons out the contradictions somewhat than holding them in balance. Great leaders are raised from great causes, however leaders at their best, too raised great causes. Unhappily, for want of a cause, we also frequently create a crisis, which is not the similar thing at all. Until and unless business makes a cause bigger and more espousal than enhancement of the shareholders, it will have only some great leaders. We are more probable to find them in the nonprofit ground. If that is so, in that case that sector may yet turn out to be the training ground for business and conceivably even for politics. (Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster, John C. Burkhardt, 1999) Characteristics of Effective Leaders Introduced with humor and humility, and characteristically tending to treat individuals in their organizations in the same way, with no smiling up as well as kicking down. Self-aware, and sincere with themselves as to their own strengths, weaknesses, and honest hard work to improve. Curious and friendly enough in order that others feel safe offering honest comment and innovative ideas. Unprejudiced and capable of esteeming their competitors or adversaries also learning from them, in both leadership circumstances and general business conditions. Action leaning which surfaces not as a wish to move for movement’s sake however to move straightforwardly toward a clear objective with a persistent follow-through. Leaders who can flash the mind’s eye with a convincing vision of a valuable end that stretches us beyond what is known at present, and who can interpret that to clear objectives, are the ones we go after. Flourishing business leaders build up goals to attain their vision. Their promise to the goals, and consequently to the vision, is made clear by both their actions as well as their frequent communication of what have to be done, and why. With apparent objectives in mind, the issue then turns out to be what a leader will do, how he or she will act at the same time as working with and through people in chase of the end goal. Even though leaders have to become accustomed to a specific and ever-changing set of circumstances, the most successful leaders show a common set of behaviors. Leaders share one more attribute that is vital for success: self-confidence. Sharply differentiated from arrogance or self-centeredness, a healthy level of self-confidence allows the leader to carry out the difficult ventures essential to meet his or her objectives. (Joy Bennett Kinnon, 2005) How Can One Develop Leadership Skills Required for Today’s Rapidly Changing Environment? Leadership development is an attempt that improves the learner’s capability to lead people. Leading is setting path and directing others to pursue that direction. The first place to start learning regarding leadership is to get some sense of what leadership is — particularly, know get an impression of the areas of knowledge as well as skills suggested for efficient leadership in organizations. In fact effective leaders in the years ahead will have persons resolute by strong values and conviction in the capacity of individuals to grow. They will have a picture of the society where they would like their organizations plus themselves to live. They will be creative thinker, they will believe sturdily that they can and must be shaping the future, and they will be active on that viewpoint through their personal behavior. In the future the genuine center competence of companies will be the capability to incessantly and imaginatively obliterate and remake them to meet customer demands. Everybody in the organization have to take accountability for taking responsive actions. This means that a company requests leadership all over the place in the organization. Thus leadership is the capability to see reality as it actually is and to mobilize the suitable response. Summary All of the different suggestions regarding good leadership can sound very tempting, for example; to have clear vision, embrace transform, lead from doctrine, be a servant to your people, nurture community, focus on the future, and all that. (Anthony B. Robinson, 1999) Conclusion We live and work in a enthralling, however fearful time. Augmented competition is forcing organizations to put into practice customer-driven strategies where industry-driven policies worked before. To be more adjustable, organizations are decentralizing. Organizations are changing, reinventing as well as reengineering. Consequently, there is frequently a great deal of pain in organizations. References: Anthony B. Robinson, 1999. Leadership That Matters; The Christian Century, Vol. 116, December 15 Barbara Kellerman, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, 1988. Leadership and Negotiation in the Middle East; Praeger Publishers Gilbert W. Fairholm, 1998. Perspectives on Leadership: From the Science of Management to Its Spiritual Heart; Quorum Books Joy Bennett Kinnon, 2005. What’s Behind the Biggest Upheaval Ever in Black Leadership? Magazine article; Ebony, Vol. 60, April Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster, John C. Burkhardt, 1999. Leadership in the Making: A Comprehensive Examination of the Impact of Leadership Development Programs on Students; Journal of Leadership Studies Nelson Fabian, 2004. Leadership-What Is It and Are You Headed for It?; Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 67 Robert A. Corrigan, 2002. Presidential Leadership: Moral Leadership in the New Millennium; Liberal Education, Vol. 88 The Washington Times, 2005. What Ails FEMA? Lack of Effective Leadership Newspaper article; September 13 How to cite Leadership -Its Importance for Today’s Organization, Essay examples

How the Internet Effect Culture free essay sample

Evaluate how the internet has impacted culture Introduction Nowadays internet have been effected many areas of our ways of life, work and the culture very much. Primarily, I need to define the culture, culture refers to the Culture consists of model, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts. Hofestede, 1997) According to Brown, A (1995)and Schein, E (1994), a simple of way defining culture is shared meaning and behavior rules, that’s basic means that the culture need to communication or shared and behavior rules in the groups This easy will evaluate how the internet has impacted culture. Internet effect culture completely in variety of different ways, these could divide by positive and negative effect on culture in totally. People have different ideas as for the topic; some people believe that the internet brought so many negatives for us. However, I will attempt to demonstrate that the positive effect of internet on education, economic and communication in the essay. It is clear that internet have many benefits effect on culture. With the easy accessibility of information, cultures have been able to advance in many ways. Education is a particularly way in which achievement of culture has occurred, recently, People can learn about anything using the internet. For example there are many organizations and companies set up the training class online, such as the business skill, accounting, art and some else like these are slowly popular in common, and also there are some school adopt the distance education, in result of that students needn’t to go to school. The above evidence illustrates that the internet improving the education advancement and people can be easy get a lots of information and also study knowledge by themselves online. (Chad Stetson,) Cultures have also advanced economically according to Hermeking, M. (2005) discuss that the internet allow for marketing and selling products and by comparison, nowadays there are more shopping ways than before, and so many people choose shopping online, some shopping websites like EBay and ASOS. And in other hand, the business are growing because the internet allow the firms could be base on internet, for example, Face book is a company solely run on the internet, moreover some companies have a services online, such as the stock market and bank online as well, you can focus on information that change and add, at every time and anywhere. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the internet also caused that the culture advanced economically, the business are more efficiency and readily. Hermeking, M. (2005) It is evident that internet increased the culture of communication. For example according to Karen Boyajy Doctoral Candidate (2004) the internet has been became society’s primary source of communication, and the e-mail is a excellent way to communicate with people and send files, for instances photos and documents and some else like these, in the same way, the social networking such as Facebook and Twitter allow people communicate in real time by status updates and these social net-working are the most popularity nowadays it became the mainstream culture ,people communicate their ideas the daily life via these blogs and chat forums. To sum up internet increased the culture of communication, and bring the benefits which are people could enjoy the entertainment make the friends from difference place and also more convenience than before. Some authors take the opposite view that there is much incorrect information on internet. Nowadays, in the whole of the internet environment every one could set websites by themselves, therefore the contents are hard to hard to differentiate between them, and also in some legitimate websites have many mendacious advertisement and usually these information order to obtain the profit to make the unrealistic result the medicine is a practically example. Some people want to lose weight by medicine instead of exercise as result of that buy these false products online. Once people to search it probably get the damage for them health. Some people, however, claim that due to the companies and Hackers caused the uses privacy get threaten. According to the Morgan (2012) the hackers steal more than 6. 5 Million Passwords, according to Norwegian website Dagens. Many of those hacked passwords have now been decrypted. And in addition, the iOS App Leaks User Info. The problem affects users that enable the feature which allows them to view their iOS calendar within the app, computer crime have many harms in various areas for example the Transnational nature of computer crime and the loss is big, development is rapid, wide range. Enotes) Not everyone agrees with the above claims, the internet promote the globalization culture. And in result of that a lots of cultures are losing (Hubpages). The cultures of the countries that have more powerful than others, because, the rich countries produce many things that can effect cultures, there are many evidences could be demonstrate, For example . the clothes, the Hollywood movies ha ve the USA culture and technologic products such as Apple’s electronics. Owing to the push of globalization some countries people are ignorant and follow blindly to absorb new culture and give up the original culture of them. Therefore, globalization damages small cultures which in risk of being extinct (NaikLast 2011) Probably, these views may seem persuasive, but as for first contrasting ideas are not certain ideas. Although, there the so many incorrect information and false adverting online, the most websites are academic normal and credible, such as England’s website the BBC NEWS (2012) and the USA’S American VOICE RIDIO and the China’s CCTV NEWS. People could be get the information from these websites. Such as the business news sports music anything else like these. Constitutionally these websites are usually given the creditable information and knowledge.. As for the second contrasting idea while this claim may seem plausible at first, because of the damage are huge and seriously, as for the activities to steal others people privacy to profit is a criminal act. The all of the governments or others specialize department will adopt the ways to solving and limit these situation. ENOTES) The third contrasting ideas in reality, however, this view is not very persuasive because the push of the globalization culture are challenge and opportunities, the reasons why these new culture probably new force and passion, moreover it could improving the culture of them, and in addition, learn the new culture keep the step of the world don’t seclude the country from the outside world. Because the whole of the world are absorbing the d ifference culture from difference for example the Hollywood movies are always using the difference culture in it such as the kungfu panda combine the Chinese culture and America culture (2004) In the end of the presentation, I would like to say something. The internet will continue to change our cultures in many ways with future advances and increasing usage. It is very important to study the effects it produces so we can learn how to limit the negative effects and boost the positive effects. By studying these effects, we can ensure that the future holds great possibilities References list (n. d)http://ruud. hubpages. com/hub/Disadvantages-of-Globalization McKenzie E (n,d,) The Impact of the Internet on Globalization retrieved from http://www. ehow. om/info_12040126_impact-internet-globalization. html The Advantages amp; Disadvantages of The Internet Available at http://www. pondered. org/the_internet. html Justyna P Negative Effects of Internet Usage Available at http://www. ehow. com/info_8115765_negative-effects-internet-usage. html (no date)(Accessed:26 March 2013) Morgan G, Cross (2012) Hackers Steal 6. 5 Million Passwords iOS App Leaking User Info Available at:http:/ /searchenginewatch. com/article/2182542/LinkedIn-Hackers-Steal-6. 5-Million-Passwords-iOS-App-Leaking-User-Info http://instagram. om/about/legal/privacy/(2012)(Accessed:26 March 2013) Carney1 R (2009) The Internet’s Impact on Culture: Shifting the Balance to the Center pp. 355_364 Vol. 9, No. 4, Hermeking, M. (2005). Culture and Internet consumption: Contributions from cross-cultural marketing and advertising research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article 10. 10TH October 2012 http://www. bbc. co. uk/webwise/guides/what-is-the-internet Mazzarella W (2004) CULTURE, GLOBALIZATION, MEDIATION Annual Review of Anthropology; 33, Academic Research Library pg. 345 http://www. enotes. com/internet-article

Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper by C. Perkins Gilman

Analysis of The Yellow Wallpaper by C. Perkins Gilman Like Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour,  Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper  is a mainstay of feminist literary study. First published in 1892, the story takes the form of secret journal entries written by a woman who is supposed to be recovering from what her husband, a physician, calls a  nervous condition. This haunting psychological horror story chronicles the narrators descent into madness, or perhaps into the paranormal. Or perhaps, depending on your interpretation, into freedom. The result is a story as chilling as anything by Edgar Allan Poe or Stephen King. Better Health Through Infantilization The protagonists husband, John, does not take her illness seriously. Nor does he take her seriously. He prescribes, among other things, a rest cure, in which she is confined to their summer home, mostly to her bedroom. The woman is discouraged from doing anything intellectual even though she believes some excitement and change would do her good. She must write in secret. And she is allowed very little company- certainly not from the stimulating people she most wishes to see. In short, John treats her like a child, calling her diminutive names like blessed little goose and little girl. He makes all decisions for her and isolates her from the things she cares about. His actions are couched in concern for her, a position that she initially seems to believe herself. He is very careful and loving, she writes in her journal, and hardly lets me stir without special direction. Her words also sound as if she is merely parroting what shes been told, and hardly lets me stir seems to harbor a veiled complaint. Even her bedroom is not the one she wanted; instead, its a room that appears to have once been a nursery, thus emphasizing her return to infancy. Its windows are barred for little children, showing again that she is being treated as a child, and also that she is like a prisoner. Fact  Versus Fancy John dismisses anything that hints of emotion or irrationality- what he calls fancy. For instance, when the narrator says that the wallpaper in her bedroom disturbs her, he informs her that she is letting the wallpaper get the better of her and thus refuses to remove it. John doesnt simply dismiss things he finds fanciful; he also uses the charge of fancy to dismiss anything he doesnt like. In other words, if he doesnt want to accept something, he declares that it is irrational. When the narrator tries to have a reasonable talk with him about her situation, she is so distraught that she is reduced to tears. But instead of interpreting her tears as evidence of her suffering, he takes them as evidence that she is irrational and cant be trusted to make decisions for herself. He speaks to her as if she is a whimsical child, imagining her own illness. Bless her little heart! he says. She shall be as sick as she pleases! He does not want to acknowledge that her problems are real and so he silences her. The only way the narrator could appear rational to John would be to become satisfied with her situation; therefore, there is no way for her to express concerns or ask for changes. In her journal, the narrator writes: John does not know how much I really suffer. He knows there is no reason to suffer, and that satisfies him. John cant imagine anything outside his own judgment. So when he determines that the narrators life is satisfactory, he imagines that the fault lies with her perception of her life. It never occurs to him that her situation might really need improvement. The Wallpaper The  nursery walls are covered in putrid yellow wallpaper with a confused, eerie pattern. The narrator is horrified by it. She studies the incomprehensible pattern in the wallpaper, determined to make sense of it. But rather than making sense of it, she begins to discern a second pattern- that of a woman creeping furtively around behind the first pattern, which acts a prison for her. The first pattern of the wallpaper can be seen as the societal expectations that hold women like the narrator captive. The narrators recovery will be measured by how cheerfully she resumes her domestic duties as wife and mother, and her desire to do anything else- like write- is seen to interfere with that recovery. Though the narrator studies and studies the pattern in the wallpaper, it never makes any sense to her. Similarly, no matter how hard she tries to recover, the terms of her recovery- embracing her domestic role- never make any sense to her, either. The creeping woman can represent both victimizations by the societal norms and resistance to them. This creeping woman also gives a clue about why the first pattern is so troubling and ugly. It seems to be peppered with distorted heads with bulging eyes- the heads of other creeping women who were strangled by the pattern when they tried to escape it. That is, women who couldnt survive when they tried to resist cultural norms. Gilman writes that nobody could climb through that pattern- it strangles so. Becoming a Creeping Woman Eventually, the narrator becomes a creeping woman. The first indication is when she says, rather startlingly, I always lock the door when I creep by daylight. Later, the narrator and the creeping woman work together to pull off the wallpaper. The narrator writes, [T]here are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. So the narrator is one of many. That her shoulder just fits into the groove on the wall is sometimes interpreted to mean that she has been the one ripping the paper and creeping around the room all along. But it could also be interpreted as an assertion that her situation is no different from that of many other women. In this interpretation, The Yellow Wallpaper becomes not just a story about one womans madness, but a maddening system. At one point, the narrator observes the creeping women from her window and asks, I wonder if they all come out of that wallpaper as I did? Her coming out of the wallpaper- her freedom- coincides with a descent into mad behavior, ripping off the paper, locking herself in her room, even biting the immovable bed. That is, her freedom comes when she finally reveals her beliefs and behavior to those around her and stops hiding. The final scene, in which John faints, and the narrator continues to creep around the room, stepping over him every time, is disturbing but also triumphant. Now John is the one who is weak and sickly, and the narrator is the one who finally gets to determine the rules of her own existence. She is finally convinced that he only pretended to be loving and kind. After being consistently infantilized by his prescriptions and comments, she turns the tables on him by addressing him condescendingly, if only in her mind, as young man. John refused to remove the wallpaper, and in the end, the narrator used it as her escape.

legalizing p.a.s essays

legalizing p.a.s essays Imagine you are in a permanent state of vegetation or that you have been diagnosed with an incurable disease that will inevitably lead to a painful death. No one would ever want to be in either of these situations. But what about those who already are? Must they continue to live an unpleasant and futile life? A large number of people would rather end their life than be stuck in that kind of situation. Those people would be contemplating what many know as physician-assisted suicide, or PAS. According to the American Geriatrics Society, PAS is when a physician provides either equipment or medication, or informs the patient of the most efficacious use of already available means, for the purpose of assisting the patient to end his or her own life,(AGS). Some common forms of PAS include, but are not limited to, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments and administering lethal doses of medication to induce death. Unfortunately, some arguments concerning how ethical i t is have caused people to overlook the benefits of the act, and view PAS in a more negative light. I have had a heightened curiosity about PAS ever since I watched a close friend of my family experience a slow agonizing death the last year of his life. He had to wait several months for a court date to determine whether or not his physician could practice PAS. He was taken away from us before the court date arrived. The question of ethics goes hand in hand with physician-assisted suicide. According to the American Medical Association (AMA) physician-assisted suicide is unethical on the grounds that actively ending a patients life is fundamentally incompatible with the physicians role as healer,(PCRM). Instead of aiding the suicide, the AMA feels that physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of the patients at end of life. However, the AMA also believes that if a competent patient or the famil...

Ethnographic research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethnographic - Research Paper Example According to oral history passed on over generations, the Maasai culture is said to have begun in the 15th century (Strang 2010). The Maasai people have interacted with the Cushites who have been their neighbors hence adopting most of their lifestyles. The interaction led to assimilation of some of the Cushitic groups in East Africa leading to the Maasai’s extension of their boundaries further south to Tanzania. Their culture has been a source of tourist attraction in both countries. It has also attracted scholars and anthropologists who have studied the culture deeply to come up with its social and cultural roots and understand its activities. Their strong cultural bonds have helped in the endurance of the Maasai culture in the dynamic world due to impacts from Western cultures. The Maasai has the age-set as the central unit of their society. It consists of small boys and girls who have undergone the set rituals to become adults. The boys in the same age-set start taking care of their cattle at tender ages making most of them skip school. To encourage them and ensure survival in different situations, they are frequently beaten to help them gain courage that is useful while herding cattle in the wild. The girls are allocated duties such as milking and cooking (Strang 2010). They learn most of their roles from their parents as soon as they stop breastfeeding. As for the boys, they are initiated into morans (Warriors) from the ages of 12-25 years. Circumcision is a rite of passage that involves both genders. Boys have to undergo painful circumcision procedures that ensure they become strong men in the future. Society elders who use locally available tools; hence, lack anesthetics in the procedure perform the ritual. The boys are believed to undergo the pain in silence and fight it on their own. Failure of endurance leads the marking of the individual making him known to the community of being a coward. During the circumcision

Effects of Entire les Murs On Traditional French National Identity Essay

Effects of Entire les Murs On Traditional French National Identity - Essay Example This report stresses that someone who views this film for the first time may be obliged to have a negative attitude towards French culture due the fact that pupils are a force to learn it at schools. The fact that this teacher enjoys French does not mean that everybody will like it and failure to understand that will cause someone who might have been willing to learn the French culture to have second thoughts about it. If a certain pupil does not understand this language, then definitely he/she will assume that their culture is not that pleasing as well hence dislikes it. This paper makes a conclusion that the Entre les murs is a good representation of the French education system that has its guiding rules from the western ideas. However, these ideas have caused problems by affecting other cultural groups without taking into consideration their rights. Although public education is free in France and it has been every citizen's right to access it, the way it is made available violates other people's culture and rights. This is because the education system is public centralized and incorporates compulsory French language classes that are not liked by many. This film widely focuses on ethnicity and the failure of the French education system to incorporate other people's ethnicity into their system. If that were not possible, then the education system would try to avoid making the French culture compulsory to foreign students who were interested in learning in France.

Needs and Expectations of Healthcare Stakeholders Case

Needs and Expectations of Healthcare Stakeholders Case You are asked to critically investigate and validate the needs and expectations of healthcare stakeholders in relation to the above ABC Concordia Healthcare Ltd organisation’s policy on equality and diversity. Prepare a summary of your investigate on the needs and expectations of Concordia Healthcare Ltd which relate to: Internal organizational needs External needs Fairness and justice The impact of prejudice and discrimination on individuals and groups Answer Organizational Needs and Expectations The consideration of organizational needs and expectations has a positive effect on outcome of health care delivery programmes or systems. Equality is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or opportunities. Diversity means understanding that each individual is unique and recognizing our individual difference. Policy is a course or principle of action adopted by an organization or individual. It is set of principles or rules that provides a definite direction for an organization. An equality policy is a written statement showing that your organization actively opposes discrimination .It demonstrates your commitment to making organization a fully accessible that welcomes and respects diversity. Developing an inclusive equality policy is one of the key factor in creating a sustainable organization that reflects the rich diversity of society and ensures equality of opportunity for everyone involved.[1] Internal needs and expectations If there is anything any that is steadfast and is unchanging, it is change itself and the organization that does not accept change that is the cause of failure or domain. There are events or situations that occur that affect the organization in two ways, in positive or negative way. The internal needs are easier to control, it usually are management changes, employee morale, culture changes and financial changes. The clients want the deals with them on the basis of their skills and experience instead of race and cast. They want the organization to focus on their physical disability. The clients want respect for their cultures, values, beliefs and preference and they need a friendly and comfortable environment. And we can say like that there few main expectations of every individual from an organization that should be met to make the working environment good and comfortable. These expectations are respect for their values, preference and expressed needs. Coordination and integration. The clients of an organization needs full information and communication. External Needs External environmental factors or needs are the events that take place outside the of the organization and are harder to predict and control. These needs can b more dangerous for an organization if are not met by the organization. These needs include the changes to the economy, threats from the competitions, political factors, government regulations or the industry itself. External needs also include the customers and contractors because without them they can not work and earn anything. Technology and resources are also the external needs requires for the proper functioning of an organization.[2] Fairness and Justice A lack of organizational justice can lead to negative outcomes, such as lower performance, lower satisfaction and higher absenteeism. To prevent the organization from the negative outcomes, the organization should promote equality and diversity policy that applies to service provision and not just employment. The organization to make a commitment to tackle discrimination. It should provide equal opportunities and access to all stake holders and support equality act 2010. The organization should use the policy to train the staff and integrate the policy into their activities. Organizational needs to explain hoe the policy will be put into practice and how it will be communicated to all staff and service users. The policy should be linked to the complaints and disciplinary procedures. The impact of prejudice and discrimination on individuals and groups Prejudice is a preconceived opinion not based on research or experience. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment or different categories of people or things especially on grounds of race, age or sex. There is endless number off groups affected by prejudice and discrimination around the word and these are lower class, different cultures, women, different religions, elderly, and immigrants. Homosexuals, different races, teenagers, mentally or physically challenged. Examples of prejudice and discrimination are as teens are often discriminated against because people assume that they are rebellious and unless when teens are often very helpful and compassionate. Second is women who are often judged because of their past struggles to obtain acknowledgement by society as person. Immigrants are sometimes not allowed into a country or not given work because they are simply too different and people cannot accept change ,not realizing that they are fully capable of accomplishing tasks just as easily as someone of a similar race to themselves Effects on the individual are Acceptance- They believe what is being said about them. They feel that they have an inferior status in society. Accommodation- They don’t like or believe what is being said about them, but try and make the best of the situation. Voluntary segregation- Groups may live or work in separate areas in order to feel more comfortable and to succeed. Organized Protest- A person may join organizations to help fight against discrimination and get involved with marches, protest, and media exposure. Aggression- A person may take action against a prejudice individual’s property. Examples of aggression are crime and terrorism. Effects on the Discriminators are this person feels hate and resentment in their life. They don’t enjoy life or people as much as they could have. They focus only on one aspect of some individuals. They tend to lose friends (People don’t like to associate with the discriminator In conclusion, prejudice and discrimination is a serious issue that affects many people including the individual, the discriminators and society. The citizens should pay more attention to the solutions to prejudice and discrimination then may be society feel more comfortable Task 2 Consider what ABC Concordia Healthcare Ltd organisation’s policy currently proposes as methods to address, review and monitor equality and diversity issues in the organisation. You are asked to propose improvements to address gaps or shortfalls in their systems and processes. Consider where improvements could be made in terms of plans, team meetings, roles and responsibilities, timescales, audit, policy reform and allocation of resources. Answer ABC Concordia healthcare LTD Equality and diversity guidance and policy 2012 Investigation Results The internal organization needs the following changes to be included in the organization for making the environment comfortable for the clients and promote the work. The organization needs to take steps to identify the need of each and every client in the organization. Needs to devise the policies and procedures and to put in place customers service, should provide appropriate facilities and services and draw up a plan. Moreover, take appropriate actions wherever is needed, Monitor and record equal and provide opportunities on the basis of their experience instead of age, gender, ethnicity and disability. Solutions and preventions of prejudice and discrimination are; know the facts of the problem or situation. Be aware of your attitude and behaviour towards other clients. The words should be carefully selected before saying anything to the employees in an organization. The focus should on the positive and others should be supported. Get to know the people from the other groups. Hold monthly meetings with the staff. Recommendations; the organization should review the needs and finalize policies –strategic planning activity. It should formulate procedures for every policy covering all corners of its concern; communicate the approved policies and procedures to all. The organization should conduct regular meetings as follow ups on feedback and incident report.[3] References www.equalityhumanright.com www.managementhelp.org/orgcom/ [1] [2] [3]

Demarcation in Philosophy of Science Essay

The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is about how to distinguish between science and nonscience, and more specifically, between science and pseudoscience (a theory or method doubtfully or mistakenly held to be scientific). The debate continues after over a century of dialogue among philosophers of science and scientists in various fields, and despite broad agreement on the basics of scientific method. The demarcation problem is the philosophical problem of determining what types of hypotheses should be considered scientific and what types should be considered pseudoscientific or non-scientific. It also concerns itself with the ongoing struggle between science and religion, in particular the question about which elements of religious doctrine can and should be subjected to scientific scrutiny. This is one of the central topics of the philosophy of science, and it has never been fully resolved. The Purpose of Demarcation Demarcations of science from pseudoscience can be made for both theoretical and practical reasons. From a theoretical point of view, the demarcation issue is an illuminating perspective that contributes to the philosophy of science. From a practical point of view, the distinction is important for decision guidance in both private and public life. Since science is our most reliable source of knowledge in a wide variety of areas, we need to distinguish scientific knowledge from its look-alikes. Due to the high status of science in present-day society, attempts to exaggerate the scientific status of various claims, teachings, and products are common enough to make the demarcation issue pressing in many areas. The demarcation issue is therefore important in many practical applications such as the following: Healthcare: Medical science develops and evaluates treatments according to evidence of their efficiency. Pseudoscientific activities in this area give rise to inefficient and sometimes dangerous interventions. Healthcare providers, insurers, government authorities and – most importantly – patients need guidance on how to distinguish between medical science and medical pseudoscience. Expert testimony: It is essential for the rule of law that courts get the facts right. The reliability of different types of evidence must be correctly determined, and expert testimony must be based on the best available knowledge. Sometimes it is in the interest of litigants to present non-scientific claims as solid science. Therefore courts must be able to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. Environmental policies: In order to be on the safe side against potential disasters it may be legitimate to take preventive measures when there is valid but yet insufficient evidence of an environmental hazard. This must be distinguished from taking measures against an alleged hazard for which there is no valid evidence at all. Therefore, decision-makers in environmental policy must be able to distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific claims. Science education: The promoters of some pseudosciences (notably creationism) try to introduce their teachings on school curricula. Teachers and school authorities need to have clear criteria of inclusion that protect students against unreliable and disproved teachings Ancient Greek Science An early attempt at demarcation can be seen in the efforts of Greek natural philosophers and medical practitioners to distinguish their methods and their accounts of nature from the mythological or mystical accounts of their predecessors and contemporaries. Medical writers in the Hippocratic tradition maintained that their discussions were based on necessary demonstrations, a theme developed by Aristotle in his â€Å"Posterior Analytics†. One element of this polemic (passionate argument) for science was an insistence on a clear and definite presentation of arguments, rejecting the imagery, analogy, and myth of the old wisdom. Aristotle described at length what was involved in having scientific knowledge of something. To be scientific, he said, one must deal with causes, one must use logical demonstration, and one must identify the universals which ‘inhere’ in the particulars of sense. Criteria for Demarcation: Logical Positivism also known as Verificationism * Held that only statements about empirical observations and formal logical propositions are meaningful, and that statements which are not derived in this manner (including religious and metaphysical statements) are by nature meaningless. * The Viennese philosophers who introduced the positivist paradigm effectively laid the groundwork for the modern philosophy of science and one of its most important strands of thought. The early Positivists favored a rather strict approach to the demarcation and strongly affirmed the empirical nature of science, meaning that questions that cannot be empirically verified or falsified are irrelevant to scientific thought. * These philosophers, who called themselves logical positivists, argued that to produce a meaningful claim, one must always return to the tangible observations that result from that claim. * By the late 1970s, its ideas were so generally recognized to be seriously defective. Falsifiability * Proposed by Karl Popper. In his monumental book, â€Å"The Logic of Scientific Discovery† he proposed the idea that scientific hypotheses must be falsifiable; unfalsifiable hypotheses should be considered pseudoscience. Popper’s emphasis on falsifiability changed the way scientists viewed the demarcation problem, and his impact on philosophy of science was enormous. * Popper’s demarcation criterion has been criticized both for excluding legitimate science and for giving some pseudosciences the status of being scientific. Postpositivism * Thomas Kuhn, an American historian and philosopher of science, is often connected with what has been called postpositivism. * In 1962, Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which depicted the development of the basic natural sciences in an innovative way. According to Kuhn, the sciences do not uniformly progress strictly by scientific method. Rather, there are two fundamentally different phases of scientific development in the sciences. In the first phase, scientists work within a paradigm (set of accepted beliefs). When the foundation of the paradigm weakens and new theories and scientific methods begin to replace it, the next phase of scientific discovery takes place. Kuhn believes that scientific progress—that is, progress from one paradigm to another—has no logical reasoning. He undermines science as a whole by arguing that what is considered science changes throughout history in such a way that there is no objective way (outside of time or place) to demarcate a scientific belief from a pseudoscientific belief. Science, Kuhn argues, is like politics: institutions believe that certain ways are better than others at different points throughout history; however, it is impossible to be more or less certain of our basic assumptions about the world. Within a democracy (a specific political paradigm) there can be progress: an economy can grow, schools can be built, and people can be given healthcare. However, if a revolution occurs and the country becomes socialist, the government is not inherently better or worse than before, but simply begins to follow a different set of assumptions. Paradigm shift * A paradigm shift is a phenomenon described by philosopher Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. * Kuhn posited a process to explain the persistence of incorrect ideas, and the seemingly rapid and sudden abandonment of these ideas when they finally are rejected. * People tend to believe in what they know, and science is basically conservative. A current â€Å"paradigm† or theory is difficult to dislodge. It takes either a large volume of evidence, or a particularly powerful single piece of evidence to overturn major scientific theories (scientific revolution). When this occurs, it is called a â€Å"paradigm shift†. Lakatos’ research programs * Imre Lakatos combined elements of Popper and Kuhn’s philosophies with his concept of research programs. Programs that succeed at predicting novel facts are scientific, while ones that fail ultimately lapse into pseudoscience. Feyerabend and Lakatos * Kuhn’s work largely called into question Popper’s demarcation, and emphasized the human, subjective quality of scientific change. Paul Feyerabend was concerned that the very question of demarcation was insidious: science itself had no need of a demarcation criterion, but instead some philosophers were seeking to justify a special position of authority from which science could dominate public discourse. Feyerabend argued that science does not in fact occupy a special place in terms of either its logic or method, and no claim to special authority made by scientists can be upheld. He argued that, within the history of scientific practice, no rule or method can be found that has not been violated or circumvented at some point in order to advance scientific knowledge. Both Lakatos and Feyerabend suggest that science is not an autonomous form of reasoning, but is inseparable from the larger body of human thought and inquiry. NOMA * The concept of Non-overlapping Magisteria is a relatively recent attempt at proposing a clear demarcation between science and religion. It explicitly restricts science to its naturalistic foundations, meaning that no conclusions about supernatural phenomena like gods may be drawn from within the confines of science. â€Å"As to the supposed ‘conflict’†¦between science and religion, no such conflict should exist because each subject has a legitimate magisterium, or domain of teaching authority—and these magisteria do not overlap.† Criteria based on scientific progress Popper’s demarcation criterion concerns the logical structure of theories. Imre Lakatos described this criterion as â€Å"a rather stunning one. A theory may be scientific even if there is not a shred of evidence in its favour, and it may be pseudoscientific even if all the available evidence is in its favour. That is, the scientific or non-scientific character of a theory can be determined independently of the facts†. Instead, Lakatos proposed a modification of Popper’s criterion that he called â€Å"sophisticated (methodological) falsificationism†. On this view, the demarcation criterion should not be applied to an isolated hypothesis or theory but rather to a whole research program that is characterized by a series of theories successively replacing each other. In his view, a research program is progressive if the new theories make surprising predictions that are confirmed. In contrast, a degenerating research programme is characterized by theories bein g fabricated only in order to accommodate known facts. Progress in science is only possible if a research program satisfies the minimum requirement that each new theory that is developed in the program has a larger empirical content than its predecessor. If a research program does not satisfy this requirement, then it is pseudoscientific. According to Paul Thagard, a theory or discipline is pseudoscientific if it satisfies two criteria. One of these is that the theory fails to progress, and the other that â€Å"the community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and disconfirmations†. A major difference between his approach and that of Lakatos is that Lakatos would classify a nonprogressive discipline as pseudoscientific even if its practitioners work hard to improve it and turn it into a progressive discipline. In a somewhat similar vein, Daniel Rothbart (1990) emphasized the distinction between the standards that should be used when testing a theory and those that should be used when determining whether a theory should at all be tested. The latter, the eligibility criteria, include that the theory should encapsulate the explanatory success of its rival, and that it should yield test implications that are inconsistent with those of the rival. According to Rothbart, a theory is unscientific if it is not testworthy in this sense. George Reisch proposed that demarcation could be based on the requirement that a scientific discipline be adequately integrated into the other sciences. The various scientific disciplines have strong interconnections that are based on methodology, theory, similarity of models etc. Creationism, for instance, is not scientific because its basic principles and beliefs are incompatible with those that connect and unify the sciences. More generally speaking, says Reisch, an epistemic field is pseudoscientific if it cannot be incorporated into the existing network of established sciences. Rejection of the Problem * Some philosophers have rejected the idea of the demarcation problem, such as Larry Laudan. Others like Susan Haack, while not rejecting the problem wholesale, argue that a misleading emphasis has been placed on the problem that results in getting stuck in arguments over definitions rather than evidence. Laudan * Larry Laudan concluded, after examining various historical attempts to establish a demarcation criterion, that â€Å"philosophy has failed to deliver the goods† in its attempts to distinguish science from non-science—to distinguish science from pseudoscience. None of the past attempts would be accepted by a majority of philosophers nor, in his view, should they be accepted by them or by anyone else. He stated that many well-founded beliefs are not scientific and, conversely, many scientific conjectures are not well-founded. 3 Major Reasons why Demarcation is sometimes difficult: * science changes over time, * science is heterogeneous and; * established science itself is not free of the defects characteristic of pseudoscience

Anthrax and Smallpox

One major difference between the pathogens that cause anthrax and smallpox is that anthrax is a form of bacteria while smallpox is an example of a virus,   Anthrax is caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis.B. anthracis was the first bacterium which was shown to cause disease by Robert Koch in 1877. B. anthracis has two forms – vegetative and spore state. In its spore state, the bacteria can lay dormant for years. When the spore enters a host, the bacterium reactivates into its vegetative state and then cause disease. It is the spores of the bacterium which is used as a biological weapon.Smallpox on the other hand caused by the variola virus. Unlike anthrax which is communicated via its spore state, smallpox virus is directly communicated directly from host to host via respiratory droplets or contact with bodily fluids. Smallpox is a biological weapon due to the successful efforts of the WHO to eradicate the disease. With smallpox eliminated, no one has any immunity from t he disease and the release of a smallpox sample will have disastrous effects on the population.2. Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Plague is spread to human hosts after being bit by fleas which carry the disease or through contact with infected animals. While causing severe deaths in Europe during the Middle Ages, modern day plague is curable with antibiotics though it can still be lethal when left untreated.To this day, plague outbreaks are still caused by flea infested rat populations. In rural areas, squirrels and other known flea vectors are known carriers of the plague bacteria.Anthrax as mentioned spreads as spores which are reactivated once inside a host. The environment rich in sugars and amino acids triggers the reversal of the spores into an active state. Anthrax can enter the body in three ways – through inahalation, digestion or through entry in small cracks in the skin.3. The role of the WHO in preparing for anthrax is that of a think tank. The WHO cannot directly move to prevent the spread of anthrax in countries but it offers valuable aid for the anti-anthrax actions of member countries in the UN. It acts as a well respected adviser on anthrax related issues.We can think of the WHO as providing a service for the anti-biological weapon efforts of the UN member countries. Some of the services the WHO provides include training activities, disseminating information and providing a number of experts to aid in the identification, diagnosis and treatment of anthrax outbreaks. These services are provided to member countries and medical laboratories worldwide.4.   The most pressing factor for the spread of plague are rats. Rats carry fleas which are the vectors for the disease. Apart from rats, some contributing factors to plague outbreaks include incidences of poverty, war, and civil disturbances. A weak public health infrastructure as well as poor facilities are also contributing factors to the spread of plague into an outbre ak.The best way to manage a plague outbreak is through rapid identification and localization. With rapid treatment and action, the mortality levels of plague can be reduced from 60% to less than 15%. To aid with the quick actions on plague, a rapid diagnostic test has been developed.The new test reduces confirmation from 15 days down to 15 minutes. With rapid confirmation, the authorities can more quickly respond to the outbreaks of plague and prevent further contamination of the population.BibliographyUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center Center for Biosecurity. (October 8, 2007) Smallpox Fact Sheet. In Center for Biosecurity. Retrieved November 10, 2008 from http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/smallpox.htmlUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center Center for Biosecurity. (October 8, 2007) Anthrax Fact Sheet. In Center for Biosecurity. Retrieved November 10, 2008 from http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/ant hrax.html   

International Institutions and Realism - 2398 Words

Becky, Tam Hing Lui Prof. Chan Ding Ding GPEC 5002 Challenges to the Global System: Insecurity of the World 17 November 2012 HOW CAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATE COOPERATION? WHAT WOULD A REALIST SAY ABOUT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS? Nations call for cooperation especially during and after crisis. One example was the Bretton Wood system created in 1944, with the purpose to revive the global economy after the serious damage in WWII. After the 2008 financial crisis, nations again asked for more international regulations and monitoring on the global financial system and suggested the â€Å"Bretton Wood II†. When we step back and think again, does the international regime facilitate cooperation between nations to solve global†¦show more content†¦The GATT, unlike the IMF and World Bank, was not an independent organization but rather a forum within which countries met. This provides a platform for elites to negotiate and reach agreement and avoid conflicts and adverse competition. With the GATT rounds held between 1947 and 1967, most barriers have been removed and tariffs have been the lowest. With the Bretton Wood framework in place along with the newly established international institutions which pro vide free market, long term capital and stable monetary system, global trade and production exploded during the period. Over the first 25 postwar years, the volume of world trade doubled every 10 years (4). This has been proven as a successful international cooperation in the modern history. (II) World Trade Organization (WTO) Established under the Marrakech Agreement in 1995, the Geneva based WTO replaced GATT as the center of world trade system. Its core principles are to promote market liberalization, non-discrimination and provide legal structure for international trade. Same as GATT, it provides forum for trade negotiations and administers trade agreements. 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